About the Authors

Lance Turtle

Contributed equally to this work with: Lance Turtle, Mathew Thorpe

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

lance.turtle@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliations NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mathew Thorpe

Contributed equally to this work with: Lance Turtle, Mathew Thorpe

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization

Affiliation Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Thomas M. Drake

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Maaike Swets

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Carlo Palmieri

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Clark D. Russell

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Antonia Ho

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Stephen Aston

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Affiliations Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Daniel G. Wootton

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Alex Richter

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Thushan I. de Silva

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Hayley E. Hardwick

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Gary Leeming

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Andy Law

Roles Data curation, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Peter J. M. Openshaw

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Ewen M. Harrison

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

ISARIC4C investigators

Membership of ISARIC4C investigators is provided in S1 Acknowledgments.

J. Kenneth Baillie

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Malcolm G. Semple

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Annemarie B. Docherty

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: LT declares a lecture fee paid to his institution from Eisai ltd. CP reports research grants from Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo and Seagen, consulting fees from Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Exact sciences, Gilead, SeaGen and Eli Lilly, and payment for lectures from Pfizer, Novartis and Eisai ltd. PO declares fees from Affnivax, Oxford Immunotech, Nestle, Pfizer and Janessen for consulting or chairing a symposium, paid to Imperial College. MGS is chair of the infectious disease advisory board for Integrum Scientific, director of MedEx solutions ltd, participated in the DSMB for Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine trials, and was donated an investigational medicinal product by Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. MGS and PJMO sat on HMG UK New Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (NERVTAG). MGS sat on HMG UK Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), COVID-19 Response from March 2020 to March 2022.