About the Authors

Shoya Iwanami

Contributed equally to this work with: Shoya Iwanami, Keisuke Ejima, Alan S. Perelson, Shingo Iwami

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Keisuke Ejima

Contributed equally to this work with: Shoya Iwanami, Keisuke Ejima, Alan S. Perelson, Shingo Iwami

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kejima@iu.edu (KE); iwami.iblab@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp, iwamishingo@gmail.com (SI)

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America

Kwang Su Kim

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Koji Noshita

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Yasuhisa Fujita

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Taiga Miyazaki

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan

Shigeru Kohno

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Yoshitsugu Miyazaki

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Chemotherapy & Mycoses and Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Shimpei Morimoto

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan

Shinji Nakaoka

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Yoshiki Koizumi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Yusuke Asai

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Kazuyuki Aihara

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Koichi Watashi

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Robin N. Thompson

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Kenji Shibuya

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Population Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Katsuhito Fujiu

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Advanced Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Alan S. Perelson

Contributed equally to this work with: Shoya Iwanami, Keisuke Ejima, Alan S. Perelson, Shingo Iwami

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Shingo Iwami

Contributed equally to this work with: Shoya Iwanami, Keisuke Ejima, Alan S. Perelson, Shingo Iwami

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kejima@iu.edu (KE); iwami.iblab@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp, iwamishingo@gmail.com (SI)

Affiliations Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan, Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan

Takaji Wakita

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.