About the Authors

Jordan E. Cates

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jordanecates@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Holger W. Unger

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Valerie Briand

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UMR216-MERIT, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

Nadine Fievet

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UMR216-MERIT, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

Innocent Valea

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Halidou Tinto

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Departement de Recherche Clinique, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Umberto D’Alessandro

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Sarah H. Landis

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, United Kingdom

Seth Adu-Afarwuah

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

Kathryn G. Dewey

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Feiko O. ter Kuile

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Meghna Desai

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Stephanie Dellicour

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Peter Ouma

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/ Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya

Julie Gutman

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Martina Oneko

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/ Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya

Laurence Slutsker

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Center for Malaria Control and Elimination, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Dianne J. Terlouw

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi

Simon Kariuki

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/ Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya

John Ayisi

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/ Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya

Mwayiwawo Madanitsa

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Victor Mwapasa

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Per Ashorn

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Child Health Research University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

Kenneth Maleta

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Ivo Mueller

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Danielle Stanisic

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Christentze Schmiegelow

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Medical Parasitology, Depart. Of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

John P. A. Lusingu

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Medical Parasitology, Depart. Of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, Tanga, Tanzania

Anna Maria van Eijk

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Melissa Bauserman

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Nutrition, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Linda Adair

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Stephen R. Cole

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Daniel Westreich

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Steven Meshnick

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Stephen Rogerson

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

‡These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Competing Interests

The authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: SHL is is a full-time employee of GlaxoSmithKline and holds shares in GlaxoSmithKline. SR is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine.