About the Authors

Jonathan Zipursky

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Erin M. Macdonald

Affiliation Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Simon Hollands

Affiliation Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Tara Gomes

Affiliations Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Muhammad M. Mamdani

Affiliations Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

J. Michael Paterson

Affiliations Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Canada

Nina Lathia

Affiliation Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

David N. Juurlink

dnj@ices.on.ca

For The Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Research Network

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

During the past three years, MMM has been on advisory boards and/or received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Glaxo Smith Kline, Hoffman La Roche, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer. JZ, EMM, SH, TG, JMP, NL, and DNJ have no conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JZ EMM SH TG MMM JMP NL DNJ. Performed the experiments: SH. Analyzed the data: SH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JZ EMM SH. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: JZ. Wrote the paper: JZ EMM SH TG MMM JMP NL DNJ. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: JZ EMM SH TG MMM JMP NL DNJ. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: JZ EMM SH TG MMM JMP NL DNJ. Full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis: SH.