About the Authors

Andrew Boulle

andrew.boulle@uct.ac.za

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Health, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

Michael Schomaker

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Margaret T. May

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Robert S. Hogg

Affiliations Division of Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

Bryan E. Shepherd

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Susana Monge

Affiliation Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

Olivia Keiser

Affiliation University of Bern, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland

Fiona C. Lampe

Affiliation Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom

Janet Giddy

Affiliation McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa

James Ndirangu

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Daniela Garone

Affiliation Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa

Matthew Fox

Affiliation Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Suzanne M. Ingle

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Peter Reiss

Affiliations Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Institute for Global health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Francois Dabis

Affiliations INSERM, Centre INSERM U897 “Epidémiologie et Biostatistique”, Bordeaux, France, Université Bordeaux, Institut de Santé Publique Epidémiologie Développement (ISPED), Bordeaux, France

Dominique Costagliola

Affiliations Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France, INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France

Antonella Castagna

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Kathrin Ehren

Affiliation First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany

Colin Campbell

Affiliations Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Institut català d'Oncologia (ICO), Agència Salut Pública de Catalunya (ASPC), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

M. John Gill

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Michael Saag

Affiliation Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Amy C. Justice

Affiliations Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Jodie Guest

Affiliation HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study (HAVACS), Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America

Heidi M. Crane

Affiliation Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Matthias Egger

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Bern, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland

Jonathan A. C. Sterne

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

MSS is the local principal investigator on studies sponsored by Abbvie, Gilead, BMS, Merck, BI, ViiV, and Jannsen, where funding goes directly to the institution but not to MSS. PR, through his institution, has received independent scientific grant support from Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Merck&Co, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and ViiV Healthcare, and travel support through his institution from Gilead Sciences and Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. In addition, PR has served on a scientific advisory board for Gilead Sciences and serves on a data safety monitoring committee for Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., for which his institution has received remuneration. KE has received honoraria from Abbott for educational lectures. JS has received research grants from the UK Medical Research Council. JS has received payment from Gilead Sciences, Inc for educational presentations.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AB MS MTM RSH BES SM OK FL JG JN DG MF SMI PR FD DC AC KE CC MJG MS ACJ JG HMC ME JACS. Analyzed the data: MS AB MM JACS. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: AB. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: MS MTM RSH BES SM OK FL JG JN DG MF SMI PR FD DC AC KE CC MJG MS ACJ JG HMC ME JACS. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: AB MS MTM RSH BES SM OK FL JG JN DG MF SMI PR FD DC AC KE CC MJG MS ACJ JG HMC ME JACS. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: AB MS MTM RSH BES SM OK FL JG JN DG MF SMI PR FD DC AC KE CC MJG MS ACJ JG HMC ME JACS.