About the Authors

Timothy B Hallett

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: timothy.hallett@imperial.ac.uk

Affiliation Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Basia Zaba

Affiliations London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom , National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania

Jim Todd

Affiliation Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda

Ben Lopman

Affiliation Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Wambura Mwita

Affiliation National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania

Sam Biraro

Affiliation Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda

Simon Gregson

Affiliations Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom , Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe

J. Ties Boerma

Affiliation World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

on behalf of the ALPHA Network

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

The study was jointly conceived and written by all authors. TBH, BZ, SG, and JTB developed the methodology. TBH, BZ, JT, BL, MW, and SB prepared and analysed data from the cohort studies.