About the Authors

Jessica Keen

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Lena Serghides

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada , McLaughlin-Rotman Centre, McLaughlin Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada , University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

Kodjo Ayi

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Samir N Patel

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

John Ayisi

Affiliation Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Anne van Eijk

Affiliation Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Richard Steketee

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Venkatachalam Udhayakumar

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kevin C Kain

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kevin.kain@uhn.on.ca

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada , McLaughlin-Rotman Centre, McLaughlin Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada , University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

KCK designed the study with JK, LS, KA, SNP, JA, AvE, RS, and VU. JA, AvE, RS, and VU organized collection of clinical samples and clinical data. JK, LS, KA, and SNP conducted the experiments. JK, LS, and KCK analysed the data with input from all authors. JK wrote the manuscript with input from all the authors.