The uterine epithelial loss of Pten is inefficient to induce endometrial cancer with intact stromal Pten

Mutation of the tumor suppressor Pten often leads to tumorigenesis in various organs including the uterus. We previously showed that Pten deletion in the mouse uterus using a Pgr-Cre driver (Ptenf/fPgrCre/+) results in rapid development of endometrial carcinoma (EMC) with full penetration. We also reported that Pten deletion in the stroma and myometrium using Amhr2-Cre failed to initiate EMC. Since the Ptenf/fPgrCre/+ uterine epithelium was primarily affected by tumorigenesis despite its loss in both the epithelium and stroma, we wanted to know if Pten deletion in epithelia alone will induce tumorigenesis. We found that mice with uterine epithelial loss of Pten under a Ltf-iCre driver (Ptenf/f/LtfCre/+) develop uterine complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH), but rarely EMC even at 6 months of age. We observed that Ptenf/fPgrCre/+ uteri exhibit a unique population of cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and transformation related protein 63 (p63)-positive epithelial cells; these cells mark stratified epithelia and squamous differentiation. In contrast, Ptenf/fLtfCre/+ hyperplastic epithelia do not undergo stratification, but extensive epithelial cell apoptosis. This increased apoptosis is associated with elevation of TGFβ levels and activation of downstream effectors, SMAD2/3 in the uterine stroma. Our results suggest that stromal PTEN via TGFβ signaling restrains epithelial cell transformation from hyperplasia to carcinoma. In conclusion, this study, using tissue-specific deletion of Pten, highlights the epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk in the genesis of endometrial carcinoma.


Introduction
Endometrial carcinoma (EMC) is the most common cancer of the female reproductive organs in the United States. In 2017, about 60,000 new cases were diagnosed and about 11,000 deaths occurred related to EMC in the US [1,2]. EMC has been categorized into two major types: type I endometrioid cancers are focused in the endometrial gland cells, and type II non-endometrioid cancers are often of serous morphology. Type I represents approximately 85% of EMCs in which Pten is commonly mutated. Other than endometrial cancer, Pten mutations are also evident in endometrial hyperplasia [3][4][5]; hyperplasia is a well-established precursor lesion of EMC [6]. The understanding of divergence between hyperplasia and cancer is of clinical significance. On one hand, faulty diagnosis of complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) may lead to hysterectomy [7], a non-reversible procedure that negatively impacts women seeking to preserve fertility. Alternatively, diagnosis at early stage of hyperplasia may prevent progression to carcinoma. Although stromal invasion and histological changes are considered diagnostic standards of EMC [8], identification of the biomarkers for early stage carcinomas and the mechanism underlying cancer progression are greatly needed.
Pten homozygous null mice are embryonic lethal. Therefore, Pten heterozygous mice are widely used for cancer studies [6]. Pten heterozygous females show atypical endometrial hyperplasia phenotype, with 20% developing cancer. Using the Cre-loxP system and Pgr-Cre driver, we previously showed that Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ mice with endometrial Pten deletion develop epithelial carcinoma as early as one month of age with Pten loss in major uterine cells [9]. To study roles of Pten in different uterine cell types, we created mice with Pten deletion specifically in the stroma and myometrium using Amhr2-Cre driver [10]. Pten f/f /Amhr2 Cre/+ females showed no EMC; instead myometrial cells transformed into adipocytes [11]. Taken together, these findings suggest epithelial origin of this pathology. We thought that the epithelial origin of EMC could be tested if only epithelial-specific loss of Pten is induced in the uterus, disrupting the cross-talk between the stroma and epithelium to initiate EMC and its progression.
To address this issue, an efficient Cre mouse line is necessary to specifically delete epithelial genes. Pten was conditionally deleted in the epithelium using Wnt7a-Cre, but the mutant pups died around 10 days of age [11]. Conditional deletion of Pten using Sprr2f-Cre met with failure because of brain cancer and limited life span [11,12]. To generate a mouse line with Cre activity specifically in the adult uterine epithelium, we generated a mouse line expressing codonimproved Cre (iCre) under a Lactoferrin (Ltf) promoter. By crossing with LacZ reporter mice, we showed that the Ltf-driven iCre expression exhibits robust Cre activity in uterine luminal and glandular epithelia beginning at puberty [13]. In contrast to Cre expression driven by promoters of Pgr, Amhr2, and Wnt7a that occur before or right after birth, Cre activity driven by Ltf promoter is activated with the beginning of estrous cycle [13].
In this study, using Ltf Cre/+ mice, we established the mouse model with uterine epithelialspecific Pten deletion by crossing with Pten f/f mice. Surprisingly, Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ females rarely develop EMC, but show epithelial CAH. We also found that Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ females do not readily form stratified epithelial layers which are prevalent in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri. Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ epithelial layers show the presence of CK5, a stratified epithelial cell marker, and CK8 that is primarily expressed in simple epithelial cells. CK5 positive cells are located between CK8 positive epithelia and stroma, and the two populations of CK5 and CK8-positive cells are mutually exclusive in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ epithelia. p63 is critical for initiation of epithelial stratification [14], and has been identified as a prognostic marker in multiple cancers [15,16]. Interestingly, p63 is expressed in CK5 positive cells in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ epithelia. We further identified TGFβ, which represses stratification of epithelium [17], is downregulated in the Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ stroma as compared to that in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice. The differential phenotypes between Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ and Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice highlight the crucial role of stromal microenvironment and stromalepithelial interactions in EMC progression.

Conditional deletion of Pten in uterine epithelia leads to CAH without generation of EMC
In Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice, genomic deletion of Pten begins at 1 month of age (S1A Fig). By 2 months of age, rare PTEN positive signals, if any, are observed in the uterine epithelium ( Fig 1A, S1B  Fig). Notably, levels of PTEN expression in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ stroma are upregulated as compared to those in Pten f/f mice at 3 months of age. We examined whether epithelial deletion of Pten produces EMC. Pathological analysis shows that Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri exhibit normal histology by 1.5 months old, but most of Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri start developing CAH from 2 months of age. By 4 months, only 2 of 8 (25%) mice show focal myometrial invasion (Table 1). Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice at 6 and 12 months of age also show atypical glandular hyperplastic epithelia showing medium to large cysts with fluid retention. This glandular hyperplasia perhaps predisposed to carcinoma, but no epithelial invasion to the myometrium was evident ( Conditional Pten deletion in the epithelium triggers AKT/mTORC1 signaling and COX-2 expression PTEN, a phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase, metabolizes phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP 3 ) [18,19], and suppresses AKT activation [20,21]. As expected, AKT activation markedly increases in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uterine epithelia at both 2 and 3 months of age (S4A Fig). Previously, we reported that mTORC1 is a downstream target of PTEN/AKT signaling in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri [22]. In Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice, mTORC1 activation is upregulated in epithelia at both 2 and 3 months of age, as evident from elevated levels of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), a downstream effector of mTORC1 (S4B Fig). Heightened COX-2 expression and mTORC1 activity exacerbate EMC in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri [22].
In  We compared the expression levels of p-AKT, pS6, and COX-2 in uteri of Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ females. Levels of p-AKT and pS6 are higher in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uterine epithelia as compared to that in Pten f/f uteri (Fig 2A and 2B). We have previously shown that COX-2 expression is associated with endometrial cancer progression, and inhibition of COX-2 slows

Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ epithelia are stratified with progression of carcinoma
Previous studies showed that p63, a p53 homologue, is a marker of metaplastic differentiation, including basal/squamous differentiation and is found in stratified human tumors including EMC [25,26]. Thus, we explored the expression of p63 in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri. As shown in Fig 3A, p63 is localized primarily in the basal layer of luminal epithelia of Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ mice and surrounding glands at 3 months of age, while no p63 signal was observed in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri at the same age. Notably, p63 positive cells express E-cadherin (S6C Fig), suggesting that these cells maintain epithelial characteristics. Trp63 encodes multiple isoforms of p63, including full length TA isoforms with an acidic transactivation domain and ΔN isoforms lacking this domain [27]. Therefore, we used Western blotting analysis to assess the isoforms of p63 in uterine lysates of Pten f/f PR cre/+ , Pten f/f Ltf cre/+ and respective littermate controls. The result shows that p63 in Cytokeratin can also be used to distinguish simple or stratified epithelium [28]. CK8 is produced by simple epithelia [29], while CK5 is particularly expressed in the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium. We found that the expression pattern of CK5 is similar to that of p63 ( Fig 3B). Interestingly, co-staining of p63 or CK5 with CK8 identified that the expression pattern of p63/CK5 and CK8 are mutually exclusive in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri (Fig 3A and 3B). These results suggest a potential relationship between p63 and EMC. Since two Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice of 4 month old showed myometrial invasion, we examined the expression of p63 in these mice. Notably, p63 positive cells were observed in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice with myometrial invasion (Fig 3C). These results again suggest that expression of p63 correlates with EMC. To study the correlation between p63 and carcinoma progression, the expression of p63 in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri was examined in uteri of 1 and 2-month old Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ mice. Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri at 1 month of age are negative for p63 signal, but p63-positive cells appear underneath the CK8 positive luminal epithelium at 2 months of age ( Fig 3D). These results provide evidence that stromal PTEN restrains epithelial stratification, and p63 serves as an indicator of EMC.

Stromal PTEN prevents transformation of CAH to EMC by promoting apoptosis
We explored the underlying mechanism preventing epithelial carcinoma by stromal PTEN. Remarkably, Ki67 staining is more intense in the CK8-negative luminal epithelium. These results were corroborated by co-staining of CK8, p63, and Ki67 staining on the consecutive sections ( Fig 4C). Ki67 signals are localized in p63-positive epithelia. The staining of phosphor-Histone H3 (pHH3) in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri also showed similar expression pattern to that of Ki67 (Fig 4B and 4C). The results show that CK8 positive epithelial cells are proliferative in   (Fig 4D). These results indicate that the PTEN-positive stroma in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri restricts the epithelial hyperplasia by promoting apoptosis in hyperplastic epithelia, while Pten deletion in the stroma in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri fails to prevent excessive proliferation and transform hyperplastic epithelial cells to EMC.
Notably, Pten f/f Amhr2 cre/+ uteri with Pten deletion in the stroma show apparently normal proliferation and apoptosis in epithelia (S7 Fig), suggesting stromal PTEN has limited impact on epithelial growth under normal physiological conditions. Uterine cell proliferation and differentiation is regulated by ovarian hormones through ESR1 [30] and PR [31]. We examined the expression of these two nuclear receptors. The results show that the expression of ESR1 and PR is maintained in all major cell types in both

Increased epithelial apoptosis is associated with elevated macrophage infiltration
Given extensive apoptosis in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri, we then asked if immune cells play a role in apoptotic cell clearance in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri. First, we accessed the distribution of CD45-positive cells of hematopoietic origin. Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri show increased population of immune cells in the uterus (Fig 5A); the weight of spleen, liver and thymus did not show many changes (S9 Fig). The uterine recruitment of immune cells suggests local inflammation. As previously reported that neutrophils are recruited in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri [32], the population of Ly6G-positive cells, a marker of neutrophils, is much higher in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri ( Fig 5B). Interestingly, increased CD45-positive cells in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ are not neutrophils but macrophages, as shown by F4/80 staining (Fig 5C). The infiltration of different immune cells could be due to extensive apoptotic or metaplastic cells in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri respectively.
Two types of macrophages (M1 and M2) exhibit diverse phenotypes and functions. We examined the expression of MHCII and CD206, markers for M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively, to determine which subtypes contribute to increased macrophage population in Pten f/ f Ltf Cre/+ uteri. The results show that the number of MHCII-positive cells is much higher in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri than that in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ (Fig 5D). However, no significant differences in CD206-positive M2 macrophages are observed (Fig 5E). The quantification of M1 versus M2 macrophages is shown in Fig 5F and 5G. Furthermore, F4/80-positive signals do not co-localize with Ki67 or caspase-3 signals (S10A and S10B Fig), suggesting that resident macrophages in the uterus do not proliferate but migrate from the circulation. These results suggest a potential role of macrophages in clearing apoptotic epithelial cells.

TGFβ signaling in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri
TGFβ signaling has been reported to have a dual function during the progression of carcinoma: cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in the early-stage cancer and tumorigenesis at the late stage [33]. TGFβ signaling also inhibits epithelial stratification [17]. Using immunofluorescence, we observed distinct TGFβ signals in the stroma of Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri, whereas the signal is much lower in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ stroma, especially in the stroma surrounding the luminal epithelium ( Fig 6A). The distribution of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 (p-SMAD2/3), a downstream effector, correlates with TGFβ signaling [34]. Consistent with TGFβ staining, the activation of p-SMAD2/3 is significantly lower in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri (Fig 6B). These results suggest that stromal Pten potentially exerts its tumor suppressive role by upregulating TGFβ signaling.
To study if our findings have any relevance to human uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), we compared the RNA profile from patients with UCEC and controls that are available in RNA-seq dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our analysis shows that the UCEC group has significantly lower levels of PTEN and TGFβ RNA, as well as TGFβ's

Fig 5. Increased epithelial apoptosis is associated with elevated macrophage infiltration in uteri of 3-month-old Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice. A, Expression of CD45 shows distribution of all hematopoietic cells in the Pten f/f , Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+
and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri. B, Cells positive for Ly6G, a marker of neutrophils, are increased in numbers in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri as compared to those in Pten f/f and Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri. C, More macrophages are observed in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri as compared to those in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri. D and E, Representative immunofluorescence images of MHCII, a marker for M1 macrophage, and CD206, a marker for M2 macrophage. Most macrophages in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri are M1 macrophages. F, The numbers of MHCII and CD206 positive macrophages in stromal cells per square mm. G, the ratio of MHCII + /CD206 + cells is higher in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri as compared to that in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri. Experiments were performed in three mice, and representative images are presented. Scale bars, 200 μm. le, luminal epithelium; ge, glandular epithelium; s, stroma; myo, myometrium.

Discussion
PTEN is considered as a tumor suppressor protein. Pten mutations are closely related to various types of tumorigenesis, especially type I EMC [35]. Our present and previous studies using cell specific deletion of Pten in the uterus provide evidence that absence of Pten in the epithelium, stroma and myometrium promptly produces EMC, while its deletion in the stroma and myometrium fail to generate EMC but transforms myometrial cells to adipocytes. Surprisingly, Pten deletion specifically in the epithelium primarily shows CAH.
The function of epithelial Pten has been studied using several approaches. Adenovirus was used to delete endometrial epithelial Pten by intraluminal injection [36], although a small percentage of endometrial stromal cells of adeno-Cre injected mice showed Pten deletion. Conditional Pten deletion using Wnt7a-Cre and Ksp-Cre in combination with Pik3ca mutation was also reported [37]. Combination of Pten deletion and Pik3ca mutation leads to carcinoma, while Pik3ca mutation alone showed no EMC or hyperplasia phenotype. Similar to the CAH phenotype in the uterus, Pten deletion leading to hyperplasia has been corroborated in several other different epithelial tissues besides the endometrial epithelium, such as urothelial cells, keratinocytes, prostatic epithelial cells, and lung epithelium [6]. Furthermore, the glandular epithelium specific Pten deletion also showed endometrial hyperplasia [38]. As Pten is deleted in both luminal and glandular epithelia in our Ltf-iCre model, definitive answers to distinguish the role of Pten in the luminal or glandular epithelium will require a luminal epithelium-specific deletion mouse model. It is also of interest to evaluate the uterine phenotype in stroma and glandular-deletion or stroma and luminal-deletion of Pten using a combination of Cre systems.
Our study with Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ uteri suggests that stromal Pten restrains transition of hyperplasia to carcinoma. In contrast, the deficiency of this gene in three major uterine cell types (Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ ) with rapid generation of EMC suggests that Pten-deleted stroma provides a more susceptible microenvironment for further deterioration of hyperplastic epithelium into EMC. In this regard, the role of endometrial stroma in EMC was reported using a stromal-specific Lkb1-deleted mouse model in which the loss of Lkb1 in the stroma was sufficient to initiate neoplasia [39]. A previous study also showed that EMC develops in uteri with epithelial modification in both Pten and Pik3ca [37]. In the mouse uterus, epithelial deletion of Pten alone is not sufficient to induce EMC. In human cancer specimens, PTEN is predominantly lost in the epithelium and maintained in the stroma [40]. EMC was also observed in a transplant model, in which a mixture of Pten deficient epithelial cells and WT stromal cells were transplanted under kidney capsule [40]. In spite of these findings, many questions still remain about the differences between human and mouse models of cancers.
The higher levels of pS6 signal in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ epithelia as compared with that in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ mice at 3 months of age suggest that activation of mTORC1 is closely associated with hyperplasia. Our previous study using mice with whole uterine deletion of Tsc1 also supports this conclusion [41]. Interestingly, mice with Tsc1 deletion in the stroma and myometrium also shows hyperplasia, suggesting the existence of unidentified paracrine signals from stromal influencing epithelial proliferation. Furthermore, our results with rapamycin (an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling) suggest that inhibition of mTORC1 signaling could be an effective preventive strategy to combat endometrial hyperplasia and/or EMC. We have also shown that inhibition of upregulated COX-2 in the uterus of Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ mice is reduced by a COX-2 inhibitor (Celecoxib) with attenuated EMC development [22]. In the present study, COX-2 is also induced in hyperplasic Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ epithelia. By comparing the expression of COX-2 in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri, we found that the COX-2 level is much higher in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri, suggesting hyperplasic cells are less invasive than cancerous cells.
The current study demonstrates that the expression of p63 is closely associated with EMC development. However, the role of p63 in uterine luminal epithelial stratification is still not clear. p63 plays multiple roles in development depending on different contexts [42]. p63 is required for establishing stratified epithelia perhaps by maintaining stem cell populations or triggering differentiation of simple epithelia into stratified epithelia [43,44]. In humans, p63 is expressed in hyperplastic and metaplastic endometria [25]. It is possible that p63 suppresses epithelial metaplasia and prevents epithelia from further invading into the muscle layer, since the loss of p63 in tumor tissues is associated with more aggressive EMC [26]. p63-positive cells invade the area underneath p63-negative columnar cells and push them upward, which leads to the detachment of p63-negative cells [45]. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that p63 itself promotes EMC development.
TGFβ signaling appears to constrain hyperplastic Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ epithelia from stratification toward tumorigenesis. TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor in the epithelium [46] and restricts epithelial growth and early tumor development [47]. In mouse uteri, TGFβr1 mRNA is detected mainly in the epithelia of Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri. SMAD2 is highly expressed in uterine epithelium at the proestrus phase. These results suggest a role for TGFβ in epithelial proliferation [48]. Pten and TGFβr1 double knockout mice using Pgr-Cre driver show severe endometrial lesions with disrupted myometrial layers and pulmonary metastasis [49], suggesting a role for TGFβr1 in cancer progression. Mice with uterine stromal TGFβr1-deletion using Amhr2-Cre show enhanced proliferation in both luminal and glandular epithelia [50], suggesting TGFβ signaling is involved in epithelial-stromal interactions. In this study, we observed PTEN levels are upregulated in the stroma of Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice ( Fig 1A) and is associated with heightened stromal TGFβ and pSMAD2/3 levels. In contrast, TGFβ levels are suppressed in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ stroma, indicating stromal TGFβ signaling may play a role in preventing epithelial tumorigenesis. Taken together, these data indicate that Pten expression in the stroma maintains stromal TGFβ expression, which perhaps limits epithelial growth.
TGFβ signaling plays a role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In mouse uteri, reduced TGFβ signaling leads to loss of growth-inhibitory response, and constitutively activated TGFβr1 reduces glandular growth [51], suggesting an inhibitory role for TGFβ in epithelial proliferation. TGFβ signaling also plays a role in cell apoptosis. In polarized endometrial epithelial cells, TGFβ induces apoptosis via SMAD3 [52]. Pten knockdown blocks TGFβ-induced apoptosis and leads to increased cell proliferation. We observed intense cell apoptosis in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ mice compared to Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri, in which cell apoptosis is rarely seen. Interestingly, epithelial cell proliferation is not affected by changes in TGFβ signaling as evident by comparable numbers of Ki67 positive cells in Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ . Given the role of TGFβ in apoptosis, the decreased levels of TGFβ and apoptosis in Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ uteri suggest stromal PTEN-driven TGFβ prevents epithelial tumorigenesis by promoting epithelial cell apoptosis.
Pten deletion often leads to cancer in situ [53]. However, PTEN's role in providing a microenvironment conducive to cancer progression is not clear. By comparing the phenotype of Pten f/f Ltf Cre/+ and Pten f/f Pgr Cre/+ mouse uteri, we show here that EMC development requires Pten deletion in both the stroma and epithelium. Our data also imply that stromal regulation of epithelial growth is mediated by TGFβ signaling. Our current study presents new insights into the role of Pten in the microenvironment for tumorigenesis.

Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence
For paraffin sections, tissues were fixed in Safefix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO, USA) and embedded in paraffin. After deparaffinization and hydration, sections (6 μm) were subjected to antigen retrieval by autoclaving in 0.01M sodium citrate solution (pH = 6) for 10 min. For frozen tissues, sections (12 μm) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Depending on the primary antibody (S1 Table), some sections were subjected to antigen retrieval by autoclaving in 0.01M sodium citrate solution (pH = 6) for 10 min. COX-2 and TGFβ antibodies were custom-made as previously described [54,55]. For immunohistochemistry, Histostain-Plus kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to visualize signals. Immunofluorescence was performed using secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa 488 or Alexa 594 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA). Hematoxylin and Hoechst were used for counterstain in immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, respectively. For all images of pHH3 staining at lower magnification, the maximum filter of ImageJ was applied to the red staining channel for clear visibility.

Quantification of macrophages
Numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages were calculated by counting MHCII and CD206 positive cells according to immunofluorescence staining. Sections from 3 different mice, and 4 fields per section have been evaluated.

In situ hybridization
cRNA probes for Pten were generated by reverse RT-PCR followed by 35 S-labeling using Sp6 or T7 RNA polymerases. Paraformaldehyde-fixed frozen sections (12 μm) were hybridized with 35 S-labeled cRNA probes of Pten as previously described [9].

Western blotting
Western blotting was performed as previously described [11]. Briefly, uterine protein samples from uteri at the diestrous stage were run on 10 or 12% SDS-PAGE gels depending on the molecular weights of proteins and transferred onto PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% BSA for detection of phosphorylated protein, or in 10% non-fat milk for detection other proteins, membranes were blotted with antibodies to PTEN, p-AKT, AKT, pS6, S6, p63 and β-ACTIN. Signals were detected using ECL reagents (GE healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).

TCGA analysis
RNAseq data were downloaded from TCGA data portal (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/). RNAseq data from 176 UCEC cases and 23 controls were used for data analysis. Transcript-levels of genes were calculated using RNA-Seq by Expectation Maximization (RSEM) method.

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed by the Mann Whitney tests. P<0.05 was considered significant. Values are mean ± SEM.