About the Authors

Suzanne Vogelezang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

‡ These authors shared position on this work.

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Jonathan P. Bradfield

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors shared position on this work.

Affiliations Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America, Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

John A. Curtin

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Timo A. Lakka

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Niels Grarup

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Markus Scholz

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Peter J. van der Most

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

Claire Monnereau

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Evie Stergiakouli

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Anni Heiskala

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Momoko Horikoshi

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Iryna O. Fedko

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Natalia Vilor-Tejedor

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain, BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Diana L. Cousminer

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Marie Standl

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Carol A. Wang

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia

Jorma Viikari

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

Frank Geller

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

Carmen Íñiguez

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Department of Statistics and Computational Research–Universitat de València, València, Spain, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, València, Spain

Niina Pitkänen

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

Alessandra Chesi

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jonas Bacelis

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg Sweden

Loic Yengo

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199—European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Maties Torrent

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Area de Salut de Menorca ib-salut, Menorca, Spain, Institut d'Investigacio Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Ioanna Ntalla

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Øyvind Helgeland

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Saskia Selzam

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Judith M. Vonk

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

Mohammed H. Zafarmand

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Barbara Heude

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Université de Paris, CRESS, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France

Ismaa Sadaf Farooqi

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Akram Alyass

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Robin N. Beaumont

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

Christian T. Have

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Peter Rzehak

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany

Jose Ramon Bilbao

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain, Biocrues-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain, CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Spain

Theresia M. Schnurr

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Inês Barroso

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Klaus Bønnelykke

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Lawrence J. Beilin

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Lisbeth Carstensen

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

Marie-Aline Charles

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Université de Paris, CRESS, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France

Bo Chawes

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Karine Clément

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nutrition and Obesities; systemic approaches research unit, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Pitie- Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique hôpital de Paris, Paris, France

Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Pediatrics, Nutrition and Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain

Adnan Custovic

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Johan G. Eriksson

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Joaquin Escribano

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Pediatrics, Nutrition and Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain

Maria Groen-Blokhuis

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Veit Grote

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany

Dariusz Gruszfeld

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Neonatal Department, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Hakon Hakonarson

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

Torben Hansen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Andrew T. Hattersley

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom

Mette Hollensted

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark

Jouke-Jan Hottenga

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Elina Hyppönen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia, Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia

Stefan Johansson

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

Raimo Joro

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Mika Kähönen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Ville Karhunen

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Wieland Kiess

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Bridget A. Knight

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom

Berthold Koletzko

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany

Andreas Kühnapfel

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Kathrin Landgraf

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Jean-Paul Langhendries

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation CHC–Health Group, Liège, Belgium

Terho Lehtimäki

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Jaakko T. Leinonen

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute For Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Aihuali Li

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Virpi Lindi

† Deceased.

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Eastern Finland Library Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland

Estelle Lowry

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

Mariona Bustamante

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

Carolina Medina-Gomez

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Mads Melbye

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Kim F. Michaelsen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Camilla S. Morgen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, National Insitute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

Trevor A. Mori

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Tenna R. H. Nielsen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark

Harri Niinikoski

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Albertine J. Oldehinkel

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands

Katja Pahkala

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Kalliope Panoutsopoulou

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom

Oluf Pedersen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Craig E. Pennell

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia

Christine Power

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Sijmen A. Reijneveld

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

Fernando Rivadeneira

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Angela Simpson

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Peter D. Sly

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, World Health Organization, WHO Collaborating Centre for Children’s Health and Environment, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Jakob Stokholm

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Kook K. Teo

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Elisabeth Thiering

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany

Nicholas J. Timpson

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

André G. Uitterlinden

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands

Catharina E. M. van Beijsterveldt

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Barbera D. C. van Schaik

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Marc Vaudel

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

Elvira Verduci

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Rebecca K. Vinding

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Mandy Vogel

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Eleftheria Zeggini

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany

Sylvain Sebert

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Mads V. Lind

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Christopher D. Brown

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Loreto Santa-Marina

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica-CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain, Subdirección Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain

Eva Reischl

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany

Christine Frithioff-Bøjsøe

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark

David Meyre

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Eleanor Wheeler

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ken Ong

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit & Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, England

Ellen A. Nohr

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Gerard H. Koppelman

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Groningen, the Netherlands

Robert Plomin

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Pål R. Njølstad

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

George D. Dedoussis

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

Philippe Froguel

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199—European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Bo Jacobsson

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg Sweden, Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Rachel M. Freathy

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Babette S. Zemel

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Olli Raitakari

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

Martine Vrijheid

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

Bjarke Feenstra

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

Harold Snieder

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

Holger Kirsten

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Patrick G. Holt

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Joachim Heinrich

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität of Munich, Munich, Germany, Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Elisabeth Widén

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute For Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Jordi Sunyer

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain

Dorret I. Boomsma

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Amsterdam Public Health research institute and Amsterdam Reproduction & Development research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Antje Körner

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

George Davey Smith

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jens-Christian Holm

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark

Mustafa Atalay

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Clare Murray

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Hans Bisgaard

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Mark I. McCarthy

Contributed equally to this work with: Mark I. McCarthy

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

Early Growth Genetics Consortium
Vincent W. V. Jaddoe

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors shared position on this work.

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Struan F. A. Grant

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors shared position on this work.

Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Neonatal Department, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland, Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Janine F. Felix

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

j.felix@erasmusmc.nl

‡ These authors shared position on this work.

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: MMcC: The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. He serves on advisory panels for Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Zoe Global; has received honoraria from Merck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk and Eli Lilly; has stock options in Zoe Global; has received research funding from Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Servier & Takeda. MS receives funding from Pfizer Inc. for a project not related to this research. IB and spouse own stock in GlaxoSmithKline and Incyte Corp. ZE and CDB currently serve on the editorial board of PLOS Genetics. AC reports personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Thermo Fisher Scientific, personal fees from Philips, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Stallergenes Greer, outside the submitted work. KC in involved in consultancy for Danone Research, LNC-therapeutic and Confo-therapeutic but no personal funding is received and this activity not linked to the present research.