About the Authors

John R. Shaffer

Contributed equally to this work with: John R. Shaffer, Ekaterina Orlova, Myoung Keun Lee

Affiliations Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Ekaterina Orlova

Contributed equally to this work with: John R. Shaffer, Ekaterina Orlova, Myoung Keun Lee

Affiliations Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Myoung Keun Lee

Contributed equally to this work with: John R. Shaffer, Ekaterina Orlova, Myoung Keun Lee

Affiliation Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Elizabeth J. Leslie

Affiliation Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Zachary D. Raffensperger

Affiliation Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Carrie L. Heike

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Craniofacial Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Michael L. Cunningham

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Craniofacial Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Jacqueline T. Hecht

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas McGovern Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Chung How Kau

Affiliation Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Nichole L. Nidey

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America

Lina M. Moreno

Affiliations Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America, Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America

George L. Wehby

Affiliation Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America

Jeffrey C. Murray

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America

Cecelia A. Laurie

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Cathy C. Laurie

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Joanne Cole

Affiliation Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America

Tracey Ferrara

Affiliation Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America

Stephanie Santorico

Affiliations Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America

Ophir Klein

Affiliations Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Washington Mio

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America

Eleanor Feingold

Affiliations Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Benedikt Hallgrimsson

Affiliations Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Richard A. Spritz

Affiliations Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America

Mary L. Marazita

Affiliations Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Seth M. Weinberg

smwst46@pitt.edu

Affiliations Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SMW JRS EF RAS MLM. Analyzed the data: JRS EO MKL EJL EF MLM SMW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZDR CLH MLC JTH CHK NLN LMM GLW JCM CAL CCL JC TF OK WM BH. Wrote the paper: SMW JRS EO MKL EJL EF CAL CCL SS BH RAS MLM.