About the Authors

Nicholas J. Croucher

n.croucher@imperial.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lisa Kagedan

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Claudette M. Thompson

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Julian Parkhill

Affiliation Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Stephen D. Bentley

Affiliation Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Jonathan A. Finkelstein

Affiliations Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc Lipsitch

Affiliations Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

William P. Hanage

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: WPH has consulted for GlaxoSmithKline. ML has consulted for Pfizer and Novartis.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NJC WPH ML JP SDB JAF. Performed the experiments: CMT LK. Analyzed the data: NJC LK. Wrote the paper: NJC SDB JP WPH ML JAF.