About the Authors

Amy E. Taylor

Contributed equally to this work with: Amy E. Taylor, Richard W. Morris

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Research Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Richard W. Morris

Contributed equally to this work with: Amy E. Taylor, Richard W. Morris

Affiliation Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Meg E. Fluharty

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Research Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Johan H. Bjorngaard

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Bjørn Olav Åsvold

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Maiken E. Gabrielsen

Affiliation Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Archie Campbell

Affiliation Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Riccardo Marioni

Affiliations Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Meena Kumari

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom

Jenni Hällfors

Affiliations Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Satu Männistö

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Pedro Marques-Vidal

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

Marika Kaakinen

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Alana Cavadino

Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Iris Postmus

Affiliations Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands

Lise Lotte N. Husemoen

Affiliation Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

Tea Skaaby

Affiliation Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolic Genetics Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark

Jorien L. Treur

Affiliation Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Gonneke Willemsen

Affiliation Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Caroline Dale

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

S. Goya Wannamethee

Affiliation Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Jari Lahti

Affiliations Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

Aarno Palotie

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, The Medical and Population Genomics Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Katri Räikkönen

Affiliation Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Aliaksei Kisialiou

Affiliation Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Alex McConnachie

Affiliation Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Sandosh Padmanabhan

Affiliation Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Andrew Wong

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom

Christine Dalgård

Affiliation Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Lavinia Paternoster

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Yoav Ben-Shlomo

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jessica Tyrrell

Affiliations European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom, Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom

John Horwood

Affiliation Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

David M. Fergusson

Affiliation Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

Martin A. Kennedy

Affiliation Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

Tim Frayling

Affiliation Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom

Ellen A. Nohr

Affiliations Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Lene Christiansen

Affiliation Institute of Public Health, Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Kirsten Ohm Kyvik

Affiliations Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

Diana Kuh

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom

Graham Watt

Affiliation Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Johan Eriksson

Affiliations National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland, Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland

Peter H. Whincup

Affiliation Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom

Jacqueline M. Vink

Affiliation Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Dorret I. Boomsma

Affiliation Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

George Davey Smith

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Debbie Lawlor

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Allan Linneberg

Affiliations Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Ian Ford

Affiliation Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

J. Wouter Jukema

Affiliations Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Christine Power

Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Elina Hyppönen

Affiliations Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom, School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia

Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland

Martin Preisig

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

Katja Borodulin

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Jaakko Kaprio

Affiliations Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Mika Kivimaki

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Blair H. Smith

Affiliation University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom

Caroline Hayward

Affiliation Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Pål R. Romundstad

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

TIAS, MRM and NS are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolic Genetics Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebrjerg and Frederikberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

Marcus R. Munafò

marcus.munafo@bristol.ac.uk

TIAS, MRM and NS are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Research Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Naveed Sattar

TIAS, MRM and NS are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AET TIAS MRM NS. Analyzed the data: ACam ACav AK AL AM AP AW BHS BOA CDale CDalg CH CP DIB DK DL DMF EAN EH GDS GWa GWi IF IP JE JHä JHo JHB JK JL JLT JMV JT JWJ KB KOK KR LC LLNH LP MRJ MAK MEF MEG MKa MKi MKu MP PHW PMV PRR RM RWM SGW SM SP TF TS TSA YBS. Wrote the paper: ACam ACav AET AK AL AM AP AW BHS BOA CDale CDalg CH CP DIB DK DL DMF EAN EH GDS GWa GWi IF IP JE JHä JHo JHB JK JL JLT JMV JT JWJ KB KOK KR LC LLNH LP MRJ MAK MEF MEG MKa MKi MKu MP MRM NS PHW PMV PRR RM RWM SGW SM SP TF TIAS TS TSA YBS.