About the Authors

James D. McKay

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Therese Truong

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Valerie Gaborieau

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Amelie Chabrier

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Shu-Chun Chuang

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Graham Byrnes

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

David Zaridze

Affiliation Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

Oxana Shangina

Affiliation Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland

Jolanta Lissowska

Affiliation The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

Peter Rudnai

Affiliation National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary

Eleonora Fabianova

Affiliation Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

Alexandru Bucur

Affiliation Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania

Vladimir Bencko

Affiliation Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Ivana Holcatova

Affiliation Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Vladimir Janout

Affiliation Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Lenka Foretova

Affiliation Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

Pagona Lagiou

Affiliation Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

Dimitrios Trichopoulos

Affiliations Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Simone Benhamou

Affiliations INSERM U946, Paris, France, CNRS UMR8200, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France

Christine Bouchardy

Affiliation Geneva Cancer Registry, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Wolfgang Ahrens

Affiliation Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (BIPS), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Franco Merletti

Affiliation Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Lorenzo Richiardi

Affiliation Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Renato Talamini

Affiliation National Cancer Institute, IRCSS, Aviano, Italy

Luigi Barzan

Affiliation General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy

Kristina Kjaerheim

Affiliation Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway

Gary J. Macfarlane

Affiliation School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Tatiana V. Macfarlane

Affiliation School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Lorenzo Simonato

Affiliation Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

Cristina Canova

Affiliations Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Antonio Agudo

Affiliation Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Barcelona, Spain

Xavier Castellsagué

Affiliations Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Ray Lowry

Affiliation University of Newcastle Dental School, Newcastle, United Kingdom

David I. Conway

Affiliation University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland

Patricia A. McKinney

Affiliations University of Leeds Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds, United Kingdom, NHS NSS ISD, Edinburgh, Scotland

Claire M. Healy

Affiliation Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland

Mary E. Toner

Affiliation Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland

Ariana Znaor

Affiliation Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia

Maria Paula Curado

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Sergio Koifman

Affiliation National School of Public Health/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ana Menezes

Affiliation Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

Victor Wünsch-Filho

Affiliation Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

José Eluf Neto

Affiliation Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Leticia Fernández Garrote

Affiliation Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

Stefania Boccia

Affiliations Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy

Gabriella Cadoni

Affiliation Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

Dario Arzani

Affiliation Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

Andrew F. Olshan

Affiliation Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Mark C. Weissler

Affiliation School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

William K. Funkhouser

Affiliation School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jingchun Luo

Affiliation School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jan Lubiński

Affiliation Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Szczecin, Poland

Joanna Trubicka

Affiliation Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Szczecin, Poland

Marcin Lener

Affiliation Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Szczecin, Poland

Dorota Oszutowska

Affiliations Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Szczecin, Poland, Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Szczecin, Poland

Stephen M. Schwartz

Affiliation Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Chu Chen

Affiliation Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Sherianne Fish

Affiliation Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

David R. Doody

Affiliation Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Joshua E. Muscat

Affiliation Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Philip Lazarus

Affiliation Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Carla J. Gallagher

Affiliation Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Shen-Chih Chang

Affiliation University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Zuo-Feng Zhang

Affiliation University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Qingyi Wei

Affiliation University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Erich M. Sturgis

Affiliation University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Li-E Wang

Affiliation University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Silvia Franceschi

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Rolando Herrero

Affiliation Instituto de Investigación Epidemiológica, San José, Costa Rica

Karl T. Kelsey

Affiliation Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Michael D. McClean

Affiliation Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carmen J. Marsit

Affiliation Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Heather H. Nelson

Affiliation Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Marjorie Romkes

Affiliation University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Shama Buch

Affiliation University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Tomoko Nukui

Affiliation University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Shilong Zhong

Affiliation University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Martin Lacko

Affiliation Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Johannes J. Manni

Affiliation Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Wilbert H. M. Peters

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, St. Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Rayjean J. Hung

Affiliation Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of the Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

John McLaughlin

Affiliation Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada

Lars Vatten

Affiliation Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Inger Njølstad

Affiliation Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway

Gary E. Goodman

Affiliation Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

John K. Field

Affiliation Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Triantafillos Liloglou

Affiliation Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Paolo Vineis

Affiliations Servizio di Epidemiologia dei Tumori, Università di Torino and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Francoise Clavel-Chapelon

Affiliation INSERM, E3N-EPIC Group Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

Domenico Palli

Affiliation Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy

Rosario Tumino

Affiliation Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera “Civile M.P.Arezzo”, Ragusa, Italy

Vittorio Krogh

Affiliation Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy

Salvatore Panico

Affiliation Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

Carlos A. González

Affiliation Unit of Nutrition, Environment, and Cancer (IDIBELL, RETICC DR06-0020, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain

J. Ramón Quirós

Affiliation Jefe Sección Información Sanitaria, Consejería de Servicios Sociales, Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain

Carmen Martínez

Affiliation Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain

Carmen Navarro

Affiliations Epidemiology Department, Murcia Health Council, Murcia, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Eva Ardanaz

Affiliations CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain

Nerea Larrañaga

Affiliation Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastian, Spain

Kay-Tee Khaw

Affiliation School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Timothy Key

Affiliation Cancer Research UK, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita

Affiliation National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Petra H. M. Peeters

Affiliation Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Antonia Trichopoulou

Affiliation WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

Jakob Linseisen

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany

Heiner Boeing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany

Göran Hallmans

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden

Kim Overvad

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Anne Tjønneland

Affiliation The Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Copenhagen, Denmark

Merethe Kumle

Affiliation University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway

Elio Riboli

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Kristjan Välk

Affiliation University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Tõnu Voodern

Affiliation University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Andres Metspalu

Affiliation University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Diana Zelenika

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Anne Boland

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Marc Delepine

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Mario Foglio

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Doris Lechner

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Hélène Blanché

Affiliation Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France

Ivo G. Gut

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Pilar Galan

Affiliation INSERM U557/U1125 INRA/CNAM, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France

Simon Heath

Affiliation Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

Mia Hashibe

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Richard B. Hayes

Affiliation New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Paolo Boffetta

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Mark Lathrop

Affiliations Centre National de Génotypage, Institut Génomique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France, Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France

Paul Brennan

brennan@iarc.fr

Affiliation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: D Zaridze, O Shangina, N Szeszenia-Dabrowska, J Lissowska, P Rudnai, E Fabianova, A Bucur, V Bencko, I Holcatova, V Janout, L Foretova, P Lagiou, D Trichopoulos, S Benhamou, C Bouchardy, W Ahrens, F Merletti, L Richiardi, R Talamini, L Barzan, K Kjaerheim, GJ Macfarlane, TV Macfarlane, L Simonato, C Canova, A Agudo, X Castellsagué, R Lowry, DI Conway, PA McKinney, CM Healy, ME Toner, A Znaor, MP Curado, S Koifman, A Menezes, V Wünsch-Filho, J Eluf Neto, L Fernández Garrote, S Boccia, G Cadoni, D Arzani, AF Olshan, MC Weissler, WK Funkhouser, J Luo, J Lubiński, J Trubicka, M Lener, D Oszutowska, SM Schwartz, C Chen, S Fish, DR Doody, JE Muscat, P Lazarus, CJ Gallagher, S-C Chang, Z-F Zhang, Q Wei, EM Sturgis, L-E Wang, S Franceschi, R Herrero, KT Kelsey, MD McClean, CJ Marsit, HH Nelson, M Romkes, S Buch, T Nukui, S Zhong, M Lacko, JJ Manni, WHM Peters, RJ Hung, J McLaughlin, L Vatten, I Njølstad, GE Goodman, JK Field, T Liloglou, P Vineis, F Clavel-Chapelon, D Palli, R Tumino, V Krogh, S Panico, CA González, JR Quirós, C Martínez, C Navarro, E Ardanaz, N Larrañaga, K-T Khaw, T Key, HB Bueno-de-Mesquita, PHM Peeters, A Trichopoulou, J Linseisen, H Boeing, G Hallmans, K Overvad, A Tjønneland, M Kumle, E Riboli, K Välk, T Voodern, A Metspalu, P Galan, M Hashibe, RB Hayes, P Boffetta, P Brennan. Performed the experiments: JD McKay, A Chabrier, D Zelenika, A Boland, M Delepine, M Foglio, D Lechner, H Blanché, IG Gut. Analyzed the data: JD McKay, T Truong, V Gaborieau, S-C Chuang, G Byrnes, S Heath, M Hashibe. Conceived and designed the experiments: RB Hayes, P Boffetta, M Lathrop, P Brennan. Wrote the paper: JD McKay, T Truong, P Brennan.