About the Authors

Marica Grskovic

Contributed equally to this work with: Marica Grskovic, Christina Chaivorapol

Affiliations Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Christina Chaivorapol

Contributed equally to this work with: Marica Grskovic, Christina Chaivorapol

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Alexandre Gaspar-Maia

Affiliations Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , Doctoral Program in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Hao Li

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: haoli@genome.ucsf.edu (HL); mrsantos@diabetes.ucsf.edu (MRS)

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Miguel Ramalho-Santos

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: haoli@genome.ucsf.edu (HL); mrsantos@diabetes.ucsf.edu (MRS)

Affiliations Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America , Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

MG, CC, AGM, HL, and MRS conceived and designed the experiments and analyzed the data. MG, CC, and AGM performed the experiments. MG, CC, HL, and MRS wrote the paper.