Fig 1.
Idealized aneurysm geometry.
Fig 2.
A: Time evolution of the mass flow rate through the vessel. B and C: Velocity profile at the inlet at t = 0.5tc and t = tc.
Fig 3.
Evolution of coagulation cascade species.
Obtained by solving Eq (6) for the 9-species coagulation model.
Table 1.
Initial conditions.
Table 2.
Grid refinement study.
Fig 4.
A-C: Vorticity and D-E: instantaneous streamlines colored by velocity magnitude, both normalized by its maximum value across the cardiac cycle. G-I: Residence time during the 21th simulation cycle. Each variable is plotted at three different phases of the cardiac cycle, as indicated on top of each panel.
Fig 5.
Mean and standard deviation of the residence time.
A-C: spatial distribution of . D-F: spatial distribution of σT/tc. Each variable is plotted at three different cycles. A,D: 11th cycle. B,E: 16th cycle. C,F: 21th cycle.
Fig 6.
Time series of residence time and its standard deviation.
A,C,E: Temporal evolution of (
). B,D,F: Temporal evolution of σT/tc (
). Three locations are considered, indicated with × in Fig 5A: A,B at (x/H, y/H) = (1.78, 1.19); C,D at (x/H, y/H) = (2.5, 1.19); and E,F at (x/H, y/H) = (3.15, 1.19).
Fig 7.
Spatial distribution of thrombin concentration.
A-C: MuFi-1. D-F: MuFi-2. G-I: HiFi reference model. Three phases within the 16th cycle are plotted for each case, as indicated on the top row. A,D,G: t/tc = 15. B,E,H: t/tc = 15.34. C,F,I: t/tc = 15.67.
Fig 8.
Time series of thrombin concentration, uIIa.
Each line correspons to a different model: MuFi-1 (━), MuFi-2 () and HiFi model (
). For reference, the solution of the 9-ODE system Eq (6) is also included (
). Three locations are considered, indicated with × in Fig 5A: A,B at (x/H, y/H) = (1.78, 1.19); C,D at (x/H, y/H) = (2.5, 1.19); and E,F at (x/H, y/H) = (3.15, 1.19).
Fig 9.
Spatial distribution of species concentration.
Data is show at y/H = 1.19 for MuFi-1 (━), MuFi-2 () and HiFi model (
). A,B,C: thrombin, uIIa. D,E,F: prothrombin, uII. G,H,I: factor Xa, uXa. Three different times are plotted for each species, as indicated on the top row.
Fig 10.
Spatial distribution of relative errors in thrombin concentration.
The relative error is defined in Eq (16). A-C: MuFi-1. D-F: MuFi-2. Three phases within the 16th cycle are plotted for each case, as indicated on the top row. A,D: t/tc = 15. B,E: t/tc = 15.34. C,F: t/tc = 15.67.
Fig 11.
A-C: Relative error in thrombin concentration in MuFi-1, , as a function of residence time and its standard deviation. D-F: Same, but for MuFi-2,
. G-I: Joint probability density function of residence time (
) and its standard deviation (σT). Data for all panels is compiled inside cavity during three different cycles, as indicated on the top row. A,D,G: 10th cycle. B,E,H: 15th cycle. C,F,I: 20th cycle.
Fig 12.
Averaged relative error in the cavity.
Each line correspons to a different model: MuFi-1 solid, MuFi-2 dashed. Dashed-dot lines correspond to and
. A: Thrombin (IIa) B: Prohrombin (II) C: Factor Xa D: Factor IXa E: Factor Xa F: Activated protein C (PCa) G: Factor VIIIa H: Factor Va I: Fibrin (Ia).