Fig 1.
The visited migration networks generated by the simulated geese movement according to the agent-based model.
A) the complete network, and B-F) the network scenarios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% site removal. Dots are sites visited by geese, colors represent the maximum R0 that occurred at sites during the simulation, and numbers are site IDs. Yellow and blue shadows depict breeding and wintering regions. The base layer maps were generated in R environment using the “maps” package (Original S code by Richard A. Becker, Allan R. Wilks. R version by Ray Brownrigg. Enhancements by Thomas P Minka and Alex Deckmyn. (2016). maps: Draw Geographical Maps. R package version 3.1.1. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=maps).
Fig 2.
The basic metrics (mean ± SD) of the visited networks under increasing site removal.
On the x axis, from left to right, the scenario of the complete network, and the network scenarios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% site removal. The lowercase annotations indicate the statistic difference according to Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05).
Fig 3.
The effects of A) increasing sites removal and B) weighted in-degree on the basic reproduction number R0 at each site. A) x-axis labels are the scenario of the complete network, and network scenarios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% removal of sites; B) black line represents the GLM fit, and grey shaded area represent the 95% confidence interval. The asterisk represents the levels of statistical difference (* for p<0.05, and *** for p<0.001), compared to the complete network scenario. Colored dots are the maximum R0 values generated by agent-based model simulations under different network scenarios.
Fig 4.
The dynamics of infection prevalence in the migratory population.
A) number of infections; B) number of infections at the wintering sites; C) number of infections caused by direct transmission; D) number of infections caused by indirect environmental transmission. Line colors represent the infection dynamics under different network scenarios.
Table 1.
Parameters in the agent-based model, with their abbreviation, definition, value, unit, and reference.