Anatomical-electrical coupling of cardiac axes: Definitions and population variability for advancing personalised ECG interpretation
Fig 4
Angular distributions of the anatomical-electrical angular differences in 3D and in the three anatomical planes.
Blue arrows show the angle portrayed in the corresponding plot (ACW is negative). The dashed lines correspond to the average separation between the mean anatomical (red arrow) and electrical (orange arrow) axes in each plane. The narrower spread (lower standard deviation) corresponds to a higher spatial consistency, i.e., a more consistent anatomical-electrical relationship across the population. Note that acute angles were used to avoid artificial extremes due to the + 180/-180 boundary.