Seizure and redox rescue in a model of glucose transport deficiency
Fig 3
Redox ratios and ranking of potential therapies by efficacy to restore redox balance.
a) The ratios in neurons (left column) and astrocytes (right column), for NAD+/NADH in cytoplasm (upper row) or mitochondria (middle row), and NADP+/NADPH (bottom row). GLUT1-DS had no effect on mitochondrial NAD+/NADH in either cell type, but greater effect in the astrocytes for both cytoplasmic NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, b) The ATP/ADP ratios in neurons (left column) and astrocytes (right column), in cytoplasm (upper row), mitochondrial matrix (middle row) and intermembrane space (bottom row). GLUT1-DS reduced these ratios in all cases, but again had the largest effect on cytplasmic levels in the astrocyte. The effects in the neuron were notably pronounced in the post-stimulus phase. Overall, the effects of GLUT1-DS on redox rations in the neuron and astrocyte are opposite. c) the ranking of the efficacy of therapies to restore total redox ratio balance (NAD+/NADH + ATP/ADP + NADP+/NADPH. Best therapy is Glc-lac-bHB. d) the ranking of the efficacy of therapies to restore total ATP/ADP balance only. Best therapy is ATP high-dose, but the best reasonable therapy without ATP (which cannot be easily done with just dietary supplements, and without extra GLC added to diet, which can cause health problems for some people, is the bHB-LAC-NAD-Q therapy).