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The evolution of environmentally mediated social interactions and posthumous spite under isolation by distance

Fig 4

Extended phenotypic effects in a 1D lattice model under short and long-range movement of the commons.

Panel A: When the commons moves locally, extended phenotypic effects e_k,t decay in time and space away from the focal deme (from Eq 28 with D₁ = 31, movement probability d = 0.6 and expected movement distance , see Appendix G.5 in S1 Text for details on how movement is modelled; production function P(z) = Nz, i.e. each unit of z contributes to one unit of resource; decay rate ϵ = 0.2; other parameters: N = 20, m = 0.3, ). Panel B: In contrast, when the resource moves at greater distances, extended phenotypic effects e_k,t are greatest further away from the focal deme (from Eq 28 with movement parameters d = 0.98 and ; production function P(z) = Nz; decay rate ϵ = 0.5; other parameters: same as Fig 2A). See S1 Data for how to generate these figures using Mathematica.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012071.g004