About the Authors

Changwang Zhang

Affiliations Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Security Science Doctoral Research Training Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom, School of Computer Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China

Shi Zhou

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Elisabetta Groppelli

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Pierre Pellegrino

Affiliation Centre for Sexual Health & HIV Research, Mortimer Market Centre, London, United Kingdom

Ian Williams

Affiliation Centre for Sexual Health & HIV Research, Mortimer Market Centre, London, United Kingdom

Persephone Borrow

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Benjamin M. Chain

b.chain@ucl.ac.uk (BMC); c.jolly@ucl.ac.uk (CJ)

‡ These authors are joint last authors on this work.

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Clare Jolly

b.chain@ucl.ac.uk (BMC); c.jolly@ucl.ac.uk (CJ)

‡ These authors are joint last authors on this work.

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CZ SZ CJ BMC. Performed the experiments: CZ EG PP IW PB. Analyzed the data: CZ SZ BMC CJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IW PB. Wrote the paper: CZ SZ PB BMC CJ.