About the Authors

Thomas Obadia

thomas.obadia@iplesp.upmc.fr (TO); pierre-yves.boelle@upmc.fr (PYB)

Affiliations Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013, Paris, France, INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013, Paris, France

Romain Silhol

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Lulla Opatowski

Affiliations Inserm UMR 1181 “Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases” (B2PHI), F-75015, Paris, France, Institut Pasteur, UMR 1181, B2PHI, F-75015, Paris, France, Univ. Versailles St Quentin, UMR 1181, B2PHI, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux

Laura Temime

Affiliation Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 75003, Paris, France

Judith Legrand

Affiliation Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution—Le Moulon, F-91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Anne C. M. Thiébaut

Affiliations Inserm UMR 1181 “Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases” (B2PHI), F-75015, Paris, France, Institut Pasteur, UMR 1181, B2PHI, F-75015, Paris, France, Univ. Versailles St Quentin, UMR 1181, B2PHI, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux

Jean-Louis Herrmann

Affiliations INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Veil, Versailles-Saint-Quentin University, 78180, Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Microbiologie, F-92380, Garches, France

Éric Fleury

Contributed equally to this work with: Éric Fleury, Didier Guillemot, Pierre-Yves Boëlle

Affiliations ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de l’Informatique du Parallélisme (UMR CNRS 5668—ENS de Lyon—UCB Lyon 1), IXXI Rhône Alpes Complex Systems Institute, Lyon, France, Inria—Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Montbonnet, France

Didier Guillemot

Contributed equally to this work with: Éric Fleury, Didier Guillemot, Pierre-Yves Boëlle

Affiliations Inserm UMR 1181 “Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases” (B2PHI), F-75015, Paris, France, Institut Pasteur, UMR 1181, B2PHI, F-75015, Paris, France, Univ. Versailles St Quentin, UMR 1181, B2PHI, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, AP-HP, Raymond Poincare Hospital, F-92380 Garches, France

Pierre-Yves Boëlle

Contributed equally to this work with: Éric Fleury, Didier Guillemot, Pierre-Yves Boëlle

thomas.obadia@iplesp.upmc.fr (TO); pierre-yves.boelle@upmc.fr (PYB)

Affiliations Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013, Paris, France, INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Département de Santé Publique, F-75571, Paris, France

on behalf of the I-Bird Study Group

Membership of the I-Bird Study Group is listed in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DG EF PYB JLH. Analyzed the data: TO PYB RS. Wrote the paper: TO PYB RS JL LO LT ACMT JLH EF DG.