About the Authors

Rachel L Hallett

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Samuel Dunyo

Affiliation Farafenni Field Station, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Rosalynn Ord

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Musa Jawara

Affiliation Farafenni Field Station, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Margaret Pinder

Affiliation Farafenni Field Station, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Anna Randall

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Ali Alloueche

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Gijs Walraven

Affiliation Farafenni Field Station, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Geoffrey A. T Targett

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Neal Alexander

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Colin J Sutherland

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Colin.Sutherland@lshtm.ac.uk

Affiliation Immunology Unit and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

RH, CS, AA, GT, MP, and NA designed the study. RH, NA, and CS carried out the statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript. CS, RO, SD, GW, and MJ carried out the field study. RH, RO, AR, and CS performed genotyping experiments and analysed molecular genetic data. MJ supervised all entomology and assisted with laboratory procedures and supervision of field staff. SD, MP, and GT contributed to the editing of the manuscript.