Cooperative Retraction of Bundled Type IV Pili Enables Nanonewton Force Generation

• Nicolas Biais,

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

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• Benoît Ladoux,

  Affiliation Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR7057/Université Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France

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• Dustin Higashi,

  Affiliation Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

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• Magdalene So,

  Affiliation Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

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• Michael Sheetz

  *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ms2001@columbia.edu

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

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