About the Authors

Leonard P. Freedman

lfreedman@gbsi.org

Affiliation Global Biological Standards Institute, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Iain M. Cockburn

Affiliation Boston University School of Management, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Timothy S. Simcoe

Affiliations Boston University School of Management, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Council of Economic Advisers, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Competing Interests

Dr. Simcoe currently works as a Senior Economist for the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA). The CEA disclaims responsibility for any of the views expressed herein and these views do not necessarily represent the views of the CEA or the United States.