About the Authors

Jeffrey Shaman

jshaman@coas.oregonstate.edu

Affiliation College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America

Virginia E. Pitzer

Affiliations Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

Cécile Viboud

Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Bryan T. Grenfell

Affiliations Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

Marc Lipsitch

Affiliations Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: JS VEP CV BTG ML. Performed the experiments: JS. Analyzed the data: JS VEP CV BTG ML. Wrote the paper: JS VEP CV BTG ML.