About the Authors

Jeffrey L Gauthier

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gauthier@salk.edu

Affiliation Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Greg D Field

Affiliation Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Alexander Sher

Affiliation Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

Martin Greschner

Affiliation Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Jonathon Shlens

Affiliations Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America , University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Alan M Litke

Affiliation Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

E. J Chichilnisky

Affiliation Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

JLG, GDF, AS, MG, JS, and EJC designed and carried out the neurophysiological experiments. JLG performed the data analysis and wrote the paper with EJC. AS and AML designed, implemented, and maintained the custom recording system. JLG, GDF, AS, MG, JS, AML, and EJC discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.