About the Authors

Luciano Conti

Contributed equally to this work with: Luciano Conti, Steven M Pollard

Affiliations Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Steven M Pollard

Contributed equally to this work with: Luciano Conti, Steven M Pollard

Affiliation Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Thorsten Gorba

¤ Current address: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Affiliation Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Erika Reitano

Affiliation Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Mauro Toselli

Affiliation Institute of Physiological and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Gerardo Biella

Affiliation Institute of Physiological and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Yirui Sun

Affiliation Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Sveva Sanzone

Affiliation Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Qi-Long Ying

Affiliation Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Elena Cattaneo

Affiliation Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Austin Smith

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: austin.smith@ed.ac.uk

Affiliation Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The University of Edinburgh has filed a patent application on methods of deriving and culturing neural stem cells relating to this study. This patent has been licensed to Stem Cell Sciences Ltd. AS holds non-voting equity (ca 5%) in Stem Cell Sciences Ltd.

Author Contributions

LC, SMP,TG, EC, and AS conceived and designed the experiments. LC, SMP, TG, ER, MT, GB, YS, SS, QLY, and AS performed the experiments. LC, SMP, TG, ER, MT, GB, and YS analyzed the data. LC, SMP and AS wrote the paper.