About the Authors

Dongqing Wang

Contributed equally to this work with: Dongqing Wang, Angela Chukwu, Mary Mwanyika-Sando

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

dwang25@gmu.edu (DW); mina@hsph.harvard.edu (WWF)

Affiliation Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Angela Chukwu

Contributed equally to this work with: Dongqing Wang, Angela Chukwu, Mary Mwanyika-Sando

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Mary Mwanyika-Sando

Contributed equally to this work with: Dongqing Wang, Angela Chukwu, Mary Mwanyika-Sando

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Sulemana Watara Abubakari

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana

Nega Assefa

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

Isabel Madzorera

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Elena C. Hemler

Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Abbas Ismail

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania

Bruno Lankoande

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Frank Mapendo

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Ourohiré Millogo

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nouna Health Research Center, Nouna, Burkina Faso

Firehiwot Workneh

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Temesgen Azemraw

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Lawrence Gyabaa Febir

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana

Christabel James

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Ibadan Research Foundation, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Amani Tinkasimile

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Kwaku Poku Asante

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana

Till Baernighausen

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Yemane Berhane

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Japhet Killewo

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Ayoade M. J. Oduola

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Ibadan Research Foundation, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Ali Sie

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nouna Health Research Center, Nouna, Burkina Faso

Emily R. Smith

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Abdramane Bassiahi Soura

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Tajudeen Raji

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Public Health Institutes and Research, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Said Vuai

Roles Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ SV and WWF also contributed equally to this work as last authors.

Affiliation College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania

Wafaie W. Fawzi

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

dwang25@gmu.edu (DW); mina@hsph.harvard.edu (WWF)

‡ SV and WWF also contributed equally to this work as last authors.

Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.