About the Authors

Zied Ben Chaouch

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Laboratory for Financial Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Andrew W. Lo

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

alo-admin@mit.edu

Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Laboratory for Financial Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Chi Heem Wong

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Laboratory for Financial Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: ZBC and CHW report no conflicts. AWL reports personal investments in private biotechnology companies, biotechnology venture capital funds, and mutual funds. AWL is a co-founder and principal of QLS Advisors LLC, a healthcare investments advisor, and QLS Technologies LLC, a healthcare analytics and consulting company; an advisor to AlphaSimplex Group, Apricity Health, Aracari Bio, BrightEdge Impact Fund, Enable Medicine, FINRA, Lazard, Quantile Health, the Swiss Finance Institute, and Thalēs; a director of Annual Reviews, Atomwise, BridgeBio Pharma, and Roivant Sciences; and a member of the Board of Overseers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the NIH’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Advisory Council and Cures Acceleration Network Review Board. During the most recent 6-year period, AWL has received speaking/consulting fees from: AlphaSimplex Group, Annual Reviews, Bernstein Fabozzi Jacobs Levy Award, BIS, BridgeBio Pharma, Cambridge Associates, CME, Financial Times, Harvard Kennedy School, IMF, JOIM, National Bank of Belgium, New Frontiers Advisors (for the 2020 Harry M. Markowitz Prize), Q Group, Research Affiliates, Roivant Sciences, and the Swiss Finance Institute. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS Global Public Health policies on sharing data and materials.