About the Authors

Arun James Thirunavukarasu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ajt205@cantab.ac.uk (AJT); ting.darren@gmail.com (DSJT)

Affiliations University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Shathar Mahmood

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Andrew Malem

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates

William Paul Foster

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Rohan Sanghera

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Refaat Hassan

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Sean Zhou

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom

Shiao Wei Wong

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Yee Ling Wong

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Yu Jeat Chong

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Abdullah Shakeel

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Yin-Hsi Chang

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Benjamin Kye Jyn Tan

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Nikhil Jain

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Luton and Dunstable, United Kingdom

Ting Fang Tan

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

Saaeha Rauz

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Daniel Shu Wei Ting

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Darren Shu Jeng Ting

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ajt205@cantab.ac.uk (AJT); ting.darren@gmail.com (DSJT)

Affiliations Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Academic Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

AM is a member of the Panel of Examiners of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists and performs unpaid work as an FRCOphth examiner. DSWT holds a patent on a deep learning system to detect retinal disease. DSJT authored the book used in the study and receives royalty from its sales. The other authors have no competing interests to declare.