Gender relations and decision-making on climate change

Abstract

embedded within relationships between people in the home, market, community, and groups 147 and organizations"[23,p.5]; and structures include "informal and formal institutional rules that 148 govern collective, individual and institutional practices, such as environment, social norms, 149 recognition and status"[23,p.5]. While GTAs are not explicitly addressed in the findings of this 150 review, we return to the notions outlined here in the discussion. 151 The discussion also builds on the notion of livelihoods and livelihood transformations 152 as conceptualised by Carr.[24] Carr notes that agrarian livelihoods are "project[s] of managing 153 both social and natural processes to create and maintain particular socio-ecological states that 154 further specific goals of those living in that system, particularly the goals of those whose 155 authority provides them with privileges not enjoyed by others."[24,p.71] According to Carr,156 gendered roles and identities tend to become more rigid when livelihoods are under 7 169 review findings given the scarcity of primary data for some of the themes under study and the 170 questionable quality of some of the included articles (cf. Results). Nonetheless, we found that 171 the application of qualitative meta-synthesis principles to our search, screening and analysis 172 strategies to be useful in generating a comprehensive, in-depth overview of our field of 173 interest. The study was not registered prior to publication, and the review protocol was not 174 published.

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Search strategy 176 As is common for qualitative meta-syntheses, [28] our goal was to retrieve all studies 177 relevant to our review objectives. The search strategy consisted of systematic database searches 178 and supplementary hand searches that were developed through iterative trial searches. 179 Supplementary hand searches were deemed necessary because it has been shown that database 180 searches often do not suffice to identify all qualitative research on a given topic. [ number of hits and search strings used for each database is available in S1 Search strategy. 191 The supplementary hand searches were conducted between June and August 2022 and 192 consisted of a range of techniques that are commonly included in the umbrella term This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. Incongruencies were again resolved through discussion between the first and second authors.  to fairness and the promotion of justice, since our main aim was to assess the quality of the 237 findings. Each included article was assessed by one of the authors. As is common practice for 238 qualitative reviews, [27] we chose to consider the quality appraisal results during our analysis 239 rather than excluding any studies from the analysis.
This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. license EarthArXiv Data extraction and analysis 241 The analysis followed a two-step process. First, primary findings relevant to the 242 review's specific objectives were extracted from all included studies through an iterative, 243 thematic coding process. Authors of the included studies were not contacted during this process 244 due to time constraints. Findings of each article were coded by one reviewer. We chose an 245 inductive approach (i.e., rather than using predetermined themes and codes, we relied on  Table 1, and detailed 273 information for each article is available in S3 Table. 274   Moreover, CCA practises themselves also appeared to hold the potential to challenge and shift 293 intra-household gender dynamics. This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. license EarthArXiv

Study quality 295
This section provides a general overview of the results of the quality appraisal. Detailed 296 assessments for each article are available in S2

Intra-household CCA decision-making
This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. negotiations but was also associated with increased quarrels between husbands and wives. [56]

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In sum, the foregoing observations seem to indicate that CCA strategies certainly seem to have 499 the potential to influence intra-household gender dynamics, but the pathways appear to be 500 complex and the ultimate outcomes for male and female household members remain unclear. This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. license EarthArXiv The findings suggested that, while men tended to be the primary decision-makers,  We then conclude by discussing implications for gender-responsive adaptation interventions. This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. license EarthArXiv identified some quality-related concerns in these two studies and other papers lacked clarity in 534 reporting, rendering a quality assessment difficult.[53,57,60-62,64] As is common practice for 535 qualitative reviews, [27] we chose not to exclude these studies from the analysis.

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The findings of the present review were further limited by the relative scarcity of data 537 in included primary studies regarding some of the issues we aimed to investigate. This  Second, as noted above (and applicable especially to our findings regarding the third 561 specific objective), changes in gender dynamics in the settings under study appeared to be 562 caused by a range of diverse, interconnected factors. Hence, it would be impudent to assume 563 that all changes discussed above occurred purely in response to climatic stressors. In our 564 analysis, we relied on the interpretations of the study authors, i.e., whenever a study identified 565 climatic stressors as one reason for changes in gender dynamics, we assumed that to be true.

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Despite these limitations, we believe that the present review adds value to the discourses 567 concerning the gendered nature of CCA in rural East Africa by virtue of its systematic and 568 comprehensive approach to synthesising relevant qualitative evidence.  This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. license EarthArXiv Moreover, our findings align with Carr's observation that, when stressors lead to a re-a-vis men. When applied in isolation, these approaches appear to disregard the complexity of 656 intra-household power relations and the importance of livelihood projects as means for 657 achieving social goals, and might thus add to gender conflict rather than relieving tensions and 658 opening up spaces for effective re-negotiation.

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There certainly is a case to be made for targeted interventions that provide immediate 660 relief from the acute risks faced by many women and girls in East African rural households. 661 We agree with Galiè    and productive assets, appears to have a critical influence on household members' decision-This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting.

S4 Prisma checklist
This manuscript is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. The copyright holder has made the manuscript available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license and consented to have it forwarded to EarthArXiv for public posting. license EarthArXiv