About the Authors

Quyen Nguyen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

quyen.nguyen@otago.ac.nz

Affiliation Climate and Energy Finance Group (CEFGroup) & School of Surveying, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand

Ivan Diaz-Rainey

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia

Adam Kitto

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation EMMI (Emmi Solutions Pty Ltd), Docklands, Victoria, Australia

Ben I. McNeil

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations EMMI (Emmi Solutions Pty Ltd), Docklands, Victoria, Australia, Climate Change Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Nicholas A. Pittman

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation EMMI (Emmi Solutions Pty Ltd), Docklands, Victoria, Australia

Renzhu Zhang

Roles Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Climate and Energy Finance Group (CEFGroup), University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand

Competing Interests

Authors with an EMMI (Distributed Carbon Pty Ltd) affiliation (AK, BM, NAP) work for EMMI, a company providing carbon risk solutions. AK, BM and NAP will use the methods developed in this research in EMMI products. IDR and QN are academic consultants for a commercial collaboration between EMMI (Emmi Solutions Pty Ltd), the University of Otago, and more recently the Griffith University, to apply machine learning models to predict carbon footprints. The other author (RZ) has declared that no competing interests exist. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.