May 2009

The ciliated airway epithelium is the target for influenza virus infection in the human host. Ciliated cells in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium (HAE) are shown here, detected by immunostaining with anti-βIV tubulin primary and Texas red secondary antibodies and visualized using confocal microscopy. This in vitro model facilitates detailed characterization of human influenza virus infection of the epithelium and allows identification of host restriction factors that limit infection of HAE by avian influenza viruses (see Scull et al., doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424).

Image Credit: Raymond J. Pickles, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Opinions

Vpu Matchmakers as a Therapeutic Strategy for HIV Infection

Mauricio Montal

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000246

Modeling Infectious Disease in Mice: Co-Adaptation and the Role of Host-Specific IFNγ Responses

Jörn Coers, Michael N. Starnbach, Jonathan C. Howard

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000333

Review

Host Cell Factors in HIV Replication: Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Studies

Frederic D. Bushman, Nirav Malani, Jason Fernandes, Iván D'Orso, Gerard Cagney, Tracy L. Diamond, Honglin Zhou, Daria J. Hazuda, Amy S. Espeseth, Renate König, Sourav Bandyopadhyay, Trey Ideker, Stephen P. Goff, Nevan J. Krogan, Alan D. Frankel, John A. T. Young, Sumit K. Chanda

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000437

Research Articles

Structure-Based Stabilization of HIV-1 gp120 Enhances Humoral Immune Responses to the Induced Co-Receptor Binding Site

Barna Dey, Krisha Svehla, Ling Xu, Dianne Wycuff, Tongqing Zhou, Gerald Voss, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, George Shaw, Peter D. Kwong, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000445

A New Malaria Agent in African Hominids

Benjamin Ollomo, Patrick Durand, Franck Prugnolle, Emmanuel Douzery, Céline Arnathau, Dieudonné Nkoghe, Eric Leroy, François Renaud

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000446

Fitness of Escherichia coli during Urinary Tract Infection Requires Gluconeogenesis and the TCA Cycle

Christopher J. Alteri, Sara N. Smith, Harry L. T. Mobley

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000448

In Vivo Transcriptional Profiling of Listeria monocytogenes and Mutagenesis Identify New Virulence Factors Involved in Infection

Ana Camejo, Carmen Buchrieser, Elisabeth Couvé, Filipe Carvalho, Olga Reis, Pierre Ferreira, Sandra Sousa, Pascale Cossart, Didier Cabanes

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000449

Vpu Antagonizes BST-2–Mediated Restriction of HIV-1 Release via β-TrCP and Endo-Lysosomal Trafficking

Richard S. Mitchell, Chris Katsura, Mark A. Skasko, Katie Fitzpatrick, David Lau, Autumn Ruiz, Edward B. Stephens, Florence Margottin-Goguet, Richard Benarous, John C. Guatelli

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000450

The Base Excision Repair System of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Counteracts DNA Damage by Host Nitric Oxide

Anthony R. Richardson, Khanh C. Soliven, Margaret E. Castor, Penelope D. Barnes, Stephen J. Libby, Ferric C. Fang

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000451

A Therapeutic Antibody against West Nile Virus Neutralizes Infection by Blocking Fusion within Endosomes

Bruce S. Thompson, Bastiaan Moesker, Jolanda M. Smit, Jan Wilschut, Michael S. Diamond, Daved H. Fremont

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000453

Increasing Clinical Virulence in Two Decades of the Italian HIV Epidemic

Viktor Müller, Franco Maggiolo, Fredy Suter, Nicoletta Ladisa, Andrea De Luca, Andrea Antinori, Laura Sighinolfi, Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, Giampiero Carosi, Carlo Torti

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000454

Genetic Detection and Characterization of Lujo Virus, a New Hemorrhagic Fever–Associated Arenavirus from Southern Africa

Thomas Briese, Janusz T. Paweska, Laura K. McMullan, Stephen K. Hutchison, Craig Street, Gustavo Palacios, Marina L. Khristova, Jacqueline Weyer, Robert Swanepoel, Michael Egholm, Stuart T. Nichol, W. Ian Lipkin

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000455

The Heart Is an Early Target of Anthrax Lethal Toxin in Mice: A Protective Role for Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS)

Mahtab Moayeri, Devorah Crown, David W. Dorward, Don Gardner, Jerrold M. Ward, Yan Li, Xizhong Cui, Peter Eichacker, Stephen H. Leppla

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000456

Viral Sequestration of Antigen Subverts Cross Presentation to CD8⁺ T Cells

Eric F. Tewalt, Jean M. Grant, Erica L. Granger, Douglas C. Palmer, Neal D. Heuss, Dale S. Gregerson, Nicholas P. Restifo, Christopher C. Norbury

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000457

Rapid Global Expansion of the Fungal Disease Chytridiomycosis into Declining and Healthy Amphibian Populations

Timothy Y. James, Anastasia P. Litvintseva, Rytas Vilgalys, Jess A. T. Morgan, John W. Taylor, Matthew C. Fisher, Lee Berger, Ché Weldon, Louis du Preez, Joyce E. Longcore

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000458

Comparative Genomic Characterization of Francisella tularensis Strains Belonging to Low and High Virulence Subspecies

Mia D. Champion, Qiandong Zeng, Eli B. Nix, Francis E. Nano, Paul Keim, Chinnappa D. Kodira, Mark Borowsky, Sarah Young, Michael Koehrsen, Reinhard Engels, Matthew Pearson, Clint Howarth, Lisa Larson, Jared White, Lucia Alvarado, Mats Forsman, Scott W. Bearden, Anders Sjöstedt, Richard Titball, Stephen L. Michell, Bruce Birren, James Galagan

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000459

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Universal Stress Protein Rv2623 Regulates Bacillary Growth by ATP-Binding: Requirement for Establishing Chronic Persistent Infection

Joshua E. Drumm, Kaixia Mi, Patrick Bilder, Meihao Sun, Jihyeon Lim, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Randall Basaraba, Melvin So, Guofeng Zhu, JoAnn M. Tufariello, Angelo A. Izzo, Ian M. Orme, Steve C. Almo, Thomas S. Leyh, John Chan

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000460

Apoptosis Is Essential for Neutrophil Functional Shutdown and Determines Tissue Damage in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis

Uwe Koedel, Tobias Frankenberg, Susanne Kirschnek, Bianca Obermaier, Hans Häcker, Robert Paul, Georg Häcker

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000461

Genetic trans-Complementation Establishes a New Model for Influenza Virus RNA Transcription and Replication

Núria Jorba, Rocío Coloma, Juan Ortín

PLOS Pathogens: published May 29, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000462

P58^IPK: A Novel “CIHD” Member of the Host Innate Defense Response against Pathogenic Virus Infection

Alan G. Goodman, Jamie L. Fornek, Guruprasad R. Medigeshi, Lucy A. Perrone, Xinxia Peng, Matthew D. Dyer, Sean C. Proll, Sue E. Knoblaugh, Victoria S. Carter, Marcus J. Korth, Jay A. Nelson, Terrence M. Tumpey, Michael G. Katze

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000438

Deaminase-Independent Inhibition of Parvoviruses by the APOBEC3A Cytidine Deaminase

Iñigo Narvaiza, Daniel C. Linfesty, Benjamin N. Greener, Yoshiyuki Hakata, David J. Pintel, Eric Logue, Nathaniel R. Landau, Matthew D. Weitzman

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000439

Use of Tissue-Specific MicroRNA to Control Pathology of Wild-Type Adenovirus without Attenuation of Its Ability to Kill Cancer Cells

Ryan Cawood, Hannah H. Chen, Fionnadh Carroll, Miriam Bazan-Peregrino, Nico van Rooijen, Leonard W. Seymour

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000440

Sand Fly Salivary Proteins Induce Strong Cellular Immunity in a Natural Reservoir of Visceral Leishmaniasis with Adverse Consequences for Leishmania

Nicolas Collin, Regis Gomes, Clarissa Teixeira, Lily Cheng, Andre Laughinghouse, Jerrold M. Ward, Dia-Eldin Elnaiem, Laurent Fischer, Jesus G. Valenzuela, Shaden Kamhawi

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000441

CAR-Associated Vesicular Transport of an Adenovirus in Motor Neuron Axons

Sara Salinas, Lynsey G. Bilsland, Daniel Henaff, Anne E. Weston, Anne Keriel, Giampietro Schiavo, Eric J. Kremer

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000442

Mutation of a Single Residue Renders Human Tetherin Resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-Mediated Depletion

Ravindra K. Gupta, Stéphane Hué, Torsten Schaller, Ernst Verschoor, Deenan Pillay, Greg J. Towers

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000443

Activation of Human Monocytes by Live Borrelia burgdorferi Generates TLR2-Dependent and -Independent Responses Which Include Induction of IFN-β

Juan C. Salazar, Star Duhnam-Ems, Carson La Vake, Adriana R. Cruz, Meagan W. Moore, Melissa J. Caimano, Leonor Velez-Climent, Jonathan Shupe, Winfried Krueger, Justin D. Radolf

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000444

The Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) Facilitates Clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi

Joppe W. R. Hovius, Maarten F. Bijlsma, Gerritje J. W. van der Windt, W. Joost Wiersinga, Bastiaan J. D. Boukens, Jeroen Coumou, Anneke Oei, Regina de Beer, Alex F. de Vos, Cornelis van 't Veer, Alje P. van Dam, Penghua Wang, Erol Fikrig, Marcel M. Levi, Joris J. T. H. Roelofs, Tom van der Poll

PLOS Pathogens: published May 22, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000447

De Novo Generation of Infectious Prions In Vitro Produces a New Disease Phenotype

Marcelo A. Barria, Abhisek Mukherjee, Dennisse Gonzalez-Romero, Rodrigo Morales, Claudio Soto

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000421

Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways

Margaret A. Scull, Laura Gillim-Ross, Celia Santos, Kim L. Roberts, Elena Bordonali, Kanta Subbarao, Wendy S. Barclay, Raymond J. Pickles

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424

Cytomegalovirus Infection Causes an Increase of Arterial Blood Pressure

Jilin Cheng, Qingen Ke, Zhuang Jin, Haibin Wang, Olivier Kocher, James P. Morgan, Jielin Zhang, Clyde S. Crumpacker

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000427

The SARS-Unique Domain (SUD) of SARS Coronavirus Contains Two Macrodomains That Bind G-Quadruplexes

Jinzhi Tan, Clemens Vonrhein, Oliver S. Smart, Gerard Bricogne, Michela Bollati, Yuri Kusov, Guido Hansen, Jeroen R. Mesters, Christian L. Schmidt, Rolf Hilgenfeld

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000428

Species-Specific Activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu in Overcoming Restriction by Tetherin/BST2

Bin Jia, Ruth Serra-Moreno, William Neidermyer Jr., Andrew Rahmberg, John Mackey, Ismael Ben Fofana, Welkin E. Johnson, Susan Westmoreland, David T. Evans

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000429

Atg5-Independent Sequestration of Ubiquitinated Mycobacteria

Cathleen A. Collins, Ann De Mazière, Suzanne van Dijk, Fredric Carlsson, Judith Klumperman, Eric J. Brown

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000430

B7-H1 Blockade Increases Survival of Dysfunctional CD8⁺ T Cells and Confers Protection against Leishmania donovani Infections

Trupti Joshi, Susana Rodriguez, Vladimir Perovic, Ian A. Cockburn, Simona Stäger

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000431

Genetic Dissection of an Exogenously Induced Biofilm in Laboratory and Clinical Isolates of E. coli

Sasan Amini, Hani Goodarzi, Saeed Tavazoie

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000432

Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV Antibody 2G12 Is Effective in Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge Even at Low Serum Neutralizing Titers

Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, Pascal Poignard, Lars Hangartner, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, David I. Watkins, Dennis R. Burton

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433

Natural Killer T Cells Activated by a Lipopeptidophosphoglycan from Entamoeba histolytica Are Critically Important To Control Amebic Liver Abscess

Hannelore Lotter, Nestor González-Roldán, Buko Lindner, Florian Winau, Armando Isibasi, Martha Moreno-Lafont, Artur J. Ulmer, Otto Holst, Egbert Tannich, Thomas Jacobs

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000434

Intrinsic Thermal Sensing Controls Proteolysis of Yersinia Virulence Regulator RovA

Katharina Herbst, Matthias Bujara, Ann Kathrin Heroven, Wiebke Opitz, Martin Weichert, Ariane Zimmermann, Petra Dersch

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000435

The F₀F₁-ATP Synthase Complex Contains Novel Subunits and Is Essential for Procyclic Trypanosoma brucei

Alena Zíková, Achim Schnaufer, Rachel A. Dalley, Aswini K. Panigrahi, Kenneth D. Stuart

PLOS Pathogens: published May 15, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000436

Rapid Influx and Death of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Lymph Nodes Mediate Depletion in Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Kevin N. Brown, Viskam Wijewardana, Xiangdong Liu, Simon M. Barratt-Boyes

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000413

HIV Evolution in Early Infection: Selection Pressures, Patterns of Insertion and Deletion, and the Impact of APOBEC

Natasha Wood, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Brandon F. Keele, Elena Giorgi, Michael Liu, Brian Gaschen, Marcus Daniels, Guido Ferrari, Barton F. Haynes, Andrew McMichael, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette Korber, Cathal Seoighe

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000414

Molecular Mechanisms of Recombination Restriction in the Envelope Gene of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Etienne Simon-Loriere, Roman Galetto, Meriem Hamoudi, John Archer, Pierre Lefeuvre, Darren P. Martin, David L. Robertson, Matteo Negroni

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000418

Unique Structure and Stability of HmuY, a Novel Heme-Binding Protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Halina Wójtowicz, Tibisay Guevara, Cynthia Tallant, Mariusz Olczak, Aneta Sroka, Jan Potempa, Maria Solà, Teresa Olczak, F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000419

A Complex Extracellular Sphingomyelinase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibits Angiogenesis by Selective Cytotoxicity to Endothelial Cells

Michael L. Vasil, Martin J. Stonehouse, Adriana I. Vasil, Sandra J. Wadsworth, Howard Goldfine, Robert E. Bolcome III, Joanne Chan

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000420

Dual Role for Pilus in Adherence to Epithelial Cells and Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus agalactiae

Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi, Emilie Mairey, Adeline Mallet, Guillaume Duménil, Elise Caliot, Patrick Trieu-Cuot, Shaynoor Dramsi

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000422

Implication of the Mosquito Midgut Microbiota in the Defense against Malaria Parasites

Yuemei Dong, Fabio Manfredini, George Dimopoulos

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000423

Mutation of the Protein Kinase C Site in Borna Disease Virus Phosphoprotein Abrogates Viral Interference with Neuronal Signaling and Restores Normal Synaptic Activity

Christine M. A. Prat, Sonja Schmid, Fanny Farrugia, Nicolas Cenac, Gwendal Le Masson, Martin Schwemmle, Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000425

Identification of an Intracellular Site of Prion Conversion

Zrinka Marijanovic, Anna Caputo, Vincenza Campana, Chiara Zurzolo

PLOS Pathogens: published May 8, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000426

trans-Complementation of an NS2 Defect in a Late Step in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Particle Assembly and Maturation

MinKyung Yi, Yinghong Ma, Jeremy Yates, Stanley M. Lemon

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000403

Differential Modulation of TNF-α–Induced Apoptosis by Neisseria meningitidis

Ala-Eddine Deghmane, Carole Veckerlé, Dario Giorgini, Eva Hong, Corinne Ruckly, Muhamed-Kheir Taha

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000405

Helicobacter pylori Usurps Cell Polarity to Turn the Cell Surface into a Replicative Niche

Shumin Tan, Lucy S. Tompkins, Manuel R. Amieva

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000407

The Defective Prophage Pool of Escherichia coli O157: Prophage–Prophage Interactions Potentiate Horizontal Transfer of Virulence Determinants

Md Asadulghani, Yoshitoshi Ogura, Tadasuke Ooka, Takehiko Itoh, Akira Sawaguchi, Atsushi Iguchi, Keisuke Nakayama, Tetsuya Hayashi

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000408

Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Live Attenuated H5N1 Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates

Shufang Fan, Yuwei Gao, Kyoko Shinya, Chris Kafai Li, Yanbing Li, Jianzhong Shi, Yongping Jiang, Yongbing Suo, Tiegang Tong, Gongxun Zhong, Jiasheng Song, Ying Zhang, Guobin Tian, Yuntao Guan, Xiao-Ning Xu, Zhigao Bu, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Hualan Chen

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000409

Genome-Scale Multilocus Microsatellite Typing of Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Unit I Reveals Phylogeographic Structure and Specific Genotypes Linked to Human Infection

Martin S. Llewellyn, Michael A. Miles, Hernan J. Carrasco, Michael D. Lewis, Matthew Yeo, Jorge Vargas, Faustino Torrico, Patricio Diosque, Vera Valente, Sebastiao A. Valente, Michael W. Gaunt

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000410

SdrF, a Staphylococcus epidermidis Surface Protein, Contributes to the Initiation of Ventricular Assist Device Driveline–Related Infections

Carlos Arrecubieta, Faustino A. Toba, Manuel von Bayern, Hirokazu Akashi, Mario C. Deng, Yoshifumi Naka, Franklin D. Lowy

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000411

Recombination between Polioviruses and Co-Circulating Coxsackie A Viruses: Role in the Emergence of Pathogenic Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses

Sophie Jegouic, Marie-Line Joffret, Claire Blanchard, Franck B. Riquet, Céline Perret, Isabelle Pelletier, Florence Colbere-Garapin, Mala Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, Francis Delpeyroux

PLOS Pathogens: published May 1, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000412

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The ciliated cells of an in vitro model of human airway epithelium.

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**The ciliated cells of an in vitro model of human airway epithelium.**