Influenza NS1 directly modulates Hedgehog signaling during infection
Fig 2
A point mutation in NS1 reduces its ability to activate dpp-lacZ expression.
NS1 transgenes from different viral strains were expressed in adult wings with the strong MS1096-GAL4 driver (A, C, E, G, I, K) or in dpp-lacZ expressing wing discs with the moderate ubiquitious 71B-GAL4 driver (B, D, F, H, J, L). The NS1(Vn) phenotype (A,B) was greatly reduced by the A122V mutation (C,D). NS1(Ud) has a phenotype similar to NS1(VN) (E,F), whereas NS1(Sw) has weaker (G,H) and NS1(PR8) stronger (I,J) activity. The NS1(PR8) phenotype is significantly rescued by the A122V mutation (K,L). (M) Equivalent protein levels of the NS1(Vn) and NS1(Vn)-A122V were detected on Western blots of fly extracts using an antibody to C-terminal Myc tags. (N) Structure of the ED of NS1(Vn) displaying the position of A122 (magenta), L105 (blue), and surface residues altered in NS1(Sw) (red), or NS1(PR8) (cyan) (see Table A in S1 Text for results).