Airborne Signals from a Wounded Leaf Facilitate Viral Spreading and Induce Antibacterial Resistance in Neighboring Plants
Figure 11
Effects of emitted methanol on plant sensitivity to TMV.
(A) TMV RNA accumulation in a “receiver” (R) plant maintained together with an “emitter” (E) plant in a hermetically sealed 20-l desiccator was measured as depicted in the schematic representation (upper panel). Wounded N. benthamiana plants were used as “emitters”, and intact N. benthamiana plants were used as “receivers”. RNA samples isolated 1, 48 and 72 h after leaf inoculation were analyzed by qRT-PCR using TMV MP gene-specific primers. Methanol (160 mg) applied to filter paper was used for the positive control. The data shown represent five independent experiments. *** P<0.001, n.s. = not significant (Student's t-test). (B) Measurement of TMV RNA accumulation in “receiver” (R) plants after exposure to continuous airflow from emitters (E), i.e., wounded N. benthamiana plants, in the flow-through system (upper panel). The semi-log plot (bottom panel) shows the relative quantities of the TMV RNA accumulated in inoculated (48 and 72 h) and systemic upper leaves (120 #). The relative quantities of TMV RNA were determined by qRT-PCR using TMV MP gene-specific primers. The data represent five independent experiments. Standard error bars are indicated. *** P<0.001 (Student's t-test).