About the Authors

Grazia Rosaria Gariano

These authors contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship.

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Valentina Dell'Oste

These authors contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship.

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Matteo Bronzini

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Deborah Gatti

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Anna Luganini

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Marco De Andrea

Affiliations Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Giorgio Gribaudo

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Marisa Gariglio

Affiliation Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Santo Landolfo

santo.landolfo@unito.it.

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SL. Performed the experiments: GRG VDO MB DG AL. Analyzed the data: MDA GG MG. Wrote the paper: SL.