About the Authors

S. Gnanakaran

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Tanmoy Bhattacharya

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Marcus Daniels

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Brandon F. Keele

Affiliations SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Peter T. Hraber

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Alan S. Lapedes

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Tongye Shen

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Center for Molecular Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America

Brian Gaschen

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Mohan Krishnamoorthy

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Hui Li

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Julie M. Decker

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Shuyi Wang

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Chunlai Jiang

Affiliations National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China, Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Feng Gao

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Ronald Swanstrom

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jeffrey A. Anderson

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Li-Hua Ping

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Myron S. Cohen

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Martin Markowitz

Affiliation Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, an affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America

Paul A. Goepfert

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Michael S. Saag

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Joseph J. Eron

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Charles B. Hicks

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

William A. Blattner

Affiliation Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Georgia D. Tomaras

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Mohammed Asmal

Affiliation Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Norman L. Letvin

Affiliations Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Peter B. Gilbert

Affiliation Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America

Allan C. DeCamp

Affiliation Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America

Craig A. Magaret

Affiliation Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America

William R. Schief

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Yih-En Andrew Ban

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Arzeda Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Ming Zhang

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Kelly A. Soderberg

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Joseph G. Sodroski

Affiliation Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Barton F. Haynes

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

George M. Shaw

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Beatrice H. Hahn

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Bette Korber

btk@lanl.gov

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BFH GMS BHH BK RS MC NLL JGS. Performed the experiments: BFK HL JMD JFS SW CJ FG JAA LHP GDT MA. Analyzed the data: SG TB MD PTH ASL TS BG PBG ACD CAM WRS YAB MZ MK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MC MM PAG MSS JJE CBH WAB KAS. Wrote the paper: BK SG TB BHH GMS BFH.