About the Authors

Tamara Ben Ari

Affiliations Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 7625, Paris, France

Simon Neerinckx

Affiliation Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Kenneth L. Gage

Affiliation Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Center of Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Katharina Kreppel

Affiliation Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals Group (LUCINDA), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Great Britain

Anne Laudisoit

Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium

Herwig Leirs

Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium

Nils Chr. Stenseth

n.c.stenseth@bio.uio.no

Affiliation Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TBA NCS. Performed the experiments: TBA SN. Analyzed the data: TBA SN. Wrote the paper: TBA SN KLG KK AL HL NCS.