About the Authors
- Rebecca S. Rudicell
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- James Holland Jones
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Affiliations Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Emily E. Wroblewski
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Affiliation Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gerald H. Learn
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Yingying Li
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Joel D. Robertson
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Elizabeth Greengrass
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Affiliation Fauna and Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia
- Falk Grossmann
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Affiliation Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Shadrack Kamenya
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Affiliation Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
- Lilian Pintea
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Affiliation The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Deus C. Mjungu
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Affiliation Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf
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Affiliation Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Anna Mosser
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Affiliation Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
- Clarence Lehman
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Affiliation Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- D. Anthony Collins
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Affiliation Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
- Brandon F. Keele
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Affiliation The AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Jane Goodall
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Affiliation The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Beatrice H. Hahn
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Affiliations Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Anne E. Pusey
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Affiliation Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Michael L. Wilson
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* E-mail: wilso198@umn.edu
Affiliations Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: RSR JHJ JG BHH AEP MLW. Performed the experiments: RSR EEW GHL YL JDR EG FG SK LP DCM EVL AM CL DAC BFK AEP. Analyzed the data: RSR JHJ EEW GHL YL JDR EG FG SK LP DCM EVL AM CL DAC BFK BHH AEP MLW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL. Wrote the paper: RSR JHJ BHH MLW. Performed non-invasive SIVcpz screening and genetic analysis: RSR BFK. Developed mathematical models: JHJ. Performed genetic analyses and calculated dyadic genetic relatedness: EEW. Performed phylogenetic analysis: GHL. Performed non-invasive SIVcpz screening: YL. Performed noninvasive SIVcpz screening; performed genetic analysis: JDR. Conducted and supervised fieldwork: EG FG SK DCM EVL AM DAC MLW. Mapped habitat from satellite imagery and analyzed geospatial data: LP. Provided data on chimpanzee health: EVL. Estimated SIVcpz transmission probabilities: CL. Founded and directed the long-term study of chimpanzees at Gombe: JG. Headed the virology and genetics lab: BHH. Maintained the long-term behavioral and demographic database: AEP. Extracted and analyzed demographic data and analyzed habitat quality and mating data: MLW. Coordinated the contributions of all authors: RSR BHH MLW.