About the Authors

Anjeanette Roberts

Affiliation Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Damon Deming

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Christopher D Paddock

Affiliation Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Aaron Cheng

Affiliation Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Boyd Yount

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Leatrice Vogel

Affiliation Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Brian D Herman

Affiliation Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Tim Sheahan

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Mark Heise

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Gillian L Genrich

Affiliation Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Sherif R Zaki

Affiliation Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Ralph Baric

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Kanta Subbarao

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ksubbarao@niaid.nih.gov

Affiliation Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

AR performed passage of the SARS-CoV through BALB/c mice, and all other experimental work except generation of recombinant viruses and in situ analysis of lungs. AR generated related figures, materials and methods, figure legends, and interpretation of findings, and wrote and revised the primary manuscript. DD contributed generation and characterization of recombinant clones, generation of related figures, recording of data, and data interpretation. DD made written contributions to figure legends, materials and methods, and review of primary manuscript. CDP performed all histopathological processing and evaluation of SARS-CoV– and MA15-infected tissues, interpretation of findings, generation of related figures, materials and methods, and figure legends, as well as review of primary manuscript. AC performed partial sequencing of MA15 genome, evaluation of mouse tissues for SARS-CoV mRNAs and vRNAs by RT/PCR, generated supporting tables S1–S5, and wrote related materials and methods, and reviewed the primary manuscript. BY contributed to the generation and characterization of recombinant clones, generation of figures, recording of data, and data interpretation. BY contributed to the writing of materials and methods and the review of primary manuscript. LV performed passage of the SARS-CoV through BALB/c mice and all other experimental work except generation of recombinant viruses and in situ analysis of lungs. LV's written contributions include data recording, generation of materials and methods, and review and editing of primary manuscript. BDH performed partial sequencing of SARS-CoV, P15, and MA15 genomes, and primary manuscript review and editing. TS contributed preparation of SARS-CoV–infected and recombinant virus–infected tissues for in situ hybridization analysis. TS contributed to the writing of materials and methods and the review of primary manuscript. MH contributed experimental design and evaluation of SARS-CoV–infected and recombinant virus–infected tissues by in situ hybridization techniques. MH made written contributions that include generation of materials and methods, the Figure S3 legend, and a review of primary manuscript. GLG performed all preparation of SARS-CoV– and MA15-infected tissues for histopathological processing and evaluation, generation of related figures, materials and methods, figure legends, and interpretation of findings, as well as review of the primary manuscript. SRZ contributed review of all histopathological evaluation of SARS-CoV– and MA15-infected tissues, generation of related figures, materials and methods, figure legends, and interpretation of findings, as well as review of the primary manuscript. RB contributed experimental design, characterization of recombinant clones, generation of related data and figures, and data evaluation and interpretation. RB made written contributions to figure legends, materials and methods, and the drafting and review of the primary manuscript. KS provided data interpretation and review and editing of the manuscript.