About the Authors

Clarissa J Nobile

Affiliations Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America , Biological Sciences Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

David R Andes

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Jeniel E Nett

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Frank J Smith Jr.

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Fu Yue

Affiliation Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America

Quynh-Trang Phan

Affiliation Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America

John E Edwards Jr.

Affiliations Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America , The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Scott G Filler

Affiliations Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America , The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Aaron P Mitchell

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: apm4@columbia.edu

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

CJN, DRA, JEN, SGF, and APM conceived and designed the experiments. CJN, DRA, JEN, and QTP performed the experiments. CJN, DRA, JEN, JEE, SGF, and APM analyzed the data. FJS, FY, QTP, JEE, and SGF contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. CJN, DRA, JEE, SGF, and APM wrote the paper.