About the Authors
- Yan Ping Chen
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* E-mail: judy.chen@ars.usda.gov
Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Jeffery S. Pettis
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Miguel Corona
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Wei Ping Chen
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Affiliation Microarray Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cong Jun Li
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Bovine Functional Genomic Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Marla Spivak
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- P. Kirk Visscher
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
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Affiliation USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Humberto Boncristiani
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Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- Yan Zhao
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Dennis vanEngelsdorp
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Keith Delaplane
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Leellen Solter
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Affiliation Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Francis Drummond
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Affiliation School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Matthew Kramer
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Biometrical Consulting Services, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- W. Ian Lipkin
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Affiliation Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Gustavo Palacios
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Affiliation National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- Michele C. Hamilton
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Barton Smith
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Shao Kang Huang
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Affiliation College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People‚s Republic of China
- Huo Qing Zheng
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Affiliation College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People‚s Republic of China
- Ji Lian Li
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Affiliation Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, People‚s Republic of China
- Xuan Zhang
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Affiliation Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People‚s Republic of China
- Ai Fen Zhou
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Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Li You Wu
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Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Ji Zhong Zhou
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Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Myeong-L. Lee
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Affiliation Sericulture and Apiculture Department, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Erica W. Teixeira
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Affiliation Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/SAA-SP, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Zhi Guo Li
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Affiliation College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People‚s Republic of China
- Jay D. Evans
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Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YPC JDE. Performed the experiments: YPC MCH BS SKH HQZ JLL HB XZ AFZ LYW. Analyzed the data: YPC WPC CJL YZ MK JLL XZ AFZ LYW ZGL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JSP JDE MC MS PKV GDH DvE KD LS FD WIL GP JZZ MLL EWT. Wrote the paper: YPC.