About the Authors

Yan Ping Chen

judy.chen@ars.usda.gov

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Jeffery S. Pettis

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Miguel Corona

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Wei Ping Chen

Affiliation Microarray Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Cong Jun Li

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bovine Functional Genomic Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Marla Spivak

Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

P. Kirk Visscher

Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America

Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman

Affiliation USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Humberto Boncristiani

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

Yan Zhao

Affiliation USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Dennis vanEngelsdorp

Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Keith Delaplane

Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Leellen Solter

Affiliation Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Francis Drummond

Affiliation School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America

Matthew Kramer

Affiliation USDA-ARS Biometrical Consulting Services, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

W. Ian Lipkin

Affiliation Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Gustavo Palacios

Affiliation National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America

Michele C. Hamilton

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Barton Smith

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Shao Kang Huang

Affiliation College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People‚s Republic of China

Huo Qing Zheng

Affiliation College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People‚s Republic of China

Ji Lian Li

Affiliation Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, People‚s Republic of China

Xuan Zhang

Affiliation Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People‚s Republic of China

Ai Fen Zhou

Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America

Li You Wu

Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America

Ji Zhong Zhou

Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America

Myeong-L. Lee

Affiliation Sericulture and Apiculture Department, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA Suwon, Republic of Korea

Erica W. Teixeira

Affiliation Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/SAA-SP, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil

Zhi Guo Li

Affiliation College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People‚s Republic of China

Jay D. Evans

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YPC JDE. Performed the experiments: YPC MCH BS SKH HQZ JLL HB XZ AFZ LYW. Analyzed the data: YPC WPC CJL YZ MK JLL XZ AFZ LYW ZGL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JSP JDE MC MS PKV GDH DvE KD LS FD WIL GP JZZ MLL EWT. Wrote the paper: YPC.