About the Authors

Phan Thi Nga

Contributed equally to this work with: Phan Thi Nga, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Chris Lauber

PTN, MdCP, and CL are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam

Maria del Carmen Parquet

Contributed equally to this work with: Phan Thi Nga, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Chris Lauber

PTN, MdCP, and CL are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Chris Lauber

Contributed equally to this work with: Phan Thi Nga, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Chris Lauber

PTN, MdCP, and CL are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliation Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Manmohan Parida

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Takeshi Nabeshima

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Fuxun Yu

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Nguyen Thanh Thuy

Affiliation Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam

Shingo Inoue

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Takashi Ito

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Kenta Okamoto

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Akitoyo Ichinose

Affiliation Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Eric J. Snijder

Affiliation Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Kouichi Morita

moritak@nagasaki-u.ac.jp (KM); a.e.gorbalenya@lumc.nl (AEG)

Affiliation Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Alexander E. Gorbalenya

moritak@nagasaki-u.ac.jp (KM); a.e.gorbalenya@lumc.nl (AEG)

Affiliation Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KM. Performed the experiments: PTN MdCP MP TN FY NTT SI TI KO AI . Analyzed the data: MdCP EJS KM AEG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AEG. Wrote the paper: CL MdCP KM EJS AEG. Conceived and designed computational research: AEG CL. Conducted computational research: CL. Analyzed the computational data: CL AEG.