About the Authors
- Hui Li
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Contributed equally to this work with: Hui Li, Katharine J. Bar
Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Katharine J. Bar
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Contributed equally to this work with: Hui Li, Katharine J. Bar
Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Shuyi Wang
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Julie M. Decker
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Yalu Chen
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Chuanxi Sun
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Maria G. Salazar
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gerald H. Learn
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Charity J. Morgan
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Joseph E. Schumacher
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Peter Hraber
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Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Elena E. Giorgi
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Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tanmoy Bhattacharya
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Affiliations Nuclear and Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology (T-2), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- Bette T. Korber
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Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- Alan S. Perelson
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Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Joseph J. Eron
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Myron S. Cohen
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Charles B. Hicks
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Barton F. Haynes
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Martin Markowitz
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Affiliations Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brandon F. Keele
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Affiliation SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Beatrice H. Hahn
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- George M. Shaw
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* E-mail: gshaw@uab.edu
Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HL KJB BTK JJE MSC CBH BFH MM BFK BHH GMS. Performed the experiments: HL KJB SW JMD YC CS JFSG MGS. Analyzed the data: HL KJB GHL CJM JES PH EEG TB BTK ASP BFK BHH GMS. Wrote the paper: HL KJB BHH GMS.