About the Authors
- Matthew T. G. Holden
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Contributed equally to this work with: Matthew T. G. Holden, Zoe Heather
Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Zoe Heather
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Contributed equally to this work with: Matthew T. G. Holden, Zoe Heather
Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Romain Paillot
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Karen F. Steward
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Katy Webb
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Fern Ainslie
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Thibaud Jourdan
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Nathalie C. Bason
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Nancy E. Holroyd
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Karen Mungall
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Michael A. Quail
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Mandy Sanders
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Mark Simmonds
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- David Willey
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Karen Brooks
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- David M. Aanensen
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Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Brian G. Spratt
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Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Keith A. Jolley
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Affiliation The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Martin C. J. Maiden
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Affiliation The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Michael Kehoe
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Affiliation Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Neil Chanter
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Stephen D. Bentley
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Carl Robinson
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Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Duncan J. Maskell
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Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Julian Parkhill
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Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Andrew S. Waller
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* E-mail: andrew.waller@aht.org.uk
Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: M. Holden, Z. Heather, M. Kehoe, N. Chanter, C. Robinson, D. Maskell, J. Parkhill, A. Waller. Performed the experiments: Z. Heather, R. Paillot, K. Steward, K. Webb, F. Ainslie, T. Jourdan, N. Bason, N. Holroyd, K. Mungall, M. Quail, M. Sanders, M. Simmonds, D. Willey, K. Brooks, C. Robinson, A. Waller. Analyzed the data: M. Holden, Z. Heather, R. Paillot, K. Steward, K. Webb, F. Ainslie, D. Aanensen, B. Spratt, K. Jolley, M. Maiden, S. Bentley, C. Robinson, A. Waller. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: M. Holden, R. Paillot, D. Aanensen, B. Spratt, K. Jolley, M. Maiden, N. Chanter, S. Bentley, C. Robinson, J. Parkhill, A. Waller. Wrote the paper: M. Holden, Z. Heather, B. Spratt, K. Jolley, M. Kehoe, S. Bentley, C. Robinson, D. Maskell, J. Parkhill, A. Waller.