About the Authors

Matthew T. G. Holden

Contributed equally to this work with: Matthew T. G. Holden, Zoe Heather

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Zoe Heather

Contributed equally to this work with: Matthew T. G. Holden, Zoe Heather

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Romain Paillot

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Karen F. Steward

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Katy Webb

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Fern Ainslie

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Thibaud Jourdan

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Nathalie C. Bason

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Nancy E. Holroyd

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Karen Mungall

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Michael A. Quail

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Mandy Sanders

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Mark Simmonds

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

David Willey

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Karen Brooks

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

David M. Aanensen

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom

Brian G. Spratt

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom

Keith A. Jolley

Affiliation The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Martin C. J. Maiden

Affiliation The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Michael Kehoe

Affiliation Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Neil Chanter

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Stephen D. Bentley

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Carl Robinson

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Duncan J. Maskell

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Julian Parkhill

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Andrew S. Waller

andrew.waller@aht.org.uk

Affiliation Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: M. Holden, Z. Heather, M. Kehoe, N. Chanter, C. Robinson, D. Maskell, J. Parkhill, A. Waller. Performed the experiments: Z. Heather, R. Paillot, K. Steward, K. Webb, F. Ainslie, T. Jourdan, N. Bason, N. Holroyd, K. Mungall, M. Quail, M. Sanders, M. Simmonds, D. Willey, K. Brooks, C. Robinson, A. Waller. Analyzed the data: M. Holden, Z. Heather, R. Paillot, K. Steward, K. Webb, F. Ainslie, D. Aanensen, B. Spratt, K. Jolley, M. Maiden, S. Bentley, C. Robinson, A. Waller. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: M. Holden, R. Paillot, D. Aanensen, B. Spratt, K. Jolley, M. Maiden, N. Chanter, S. Bentley, C. Robinson, J. Parkhill, A. Waller. Wrote the paper: M. Holden, Z. Heather, B. Spratt, K. Jolley, M. Kehoe, S. Bentley, C. Robinson, D. Maskell, J. Parkhill, A. Waller.