http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-4367
Figures
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) availability is an important factor regulating the feedback mechanisms of global change. This research uses a small Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland i = on the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China as the research object and 15N tracer technology to study the effects of different nitrogen deposition levels (0 gN/m2, 4 gN/m2, and 8 gN/m2) through in situ controlled field experiments. Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of nitrogen in plants and soils and their short-term effects on nitrous oxide emissions fluxes were studied. The results showed that 1) the nitrogen content in the stems, leaves and roots of C. angustifolia decreased slowly with the growing season. Nitrogen application significantly increased the absorption of tracer nitrogen in the aboveground and underground plant parts (P<0.01), and the more nitrogen applied, the larger the absorption amount was (P<0.01). The absorbed amount accounted for 52%-86% of the total tracer nitrogen. 2) The tracer nitrogen in the soil did not show a significant change; the more nitrogen that was applied, the more nitrogen that was retained in the soil, and the tracer nitrogen adsorbed by the soil was mainly ammonium nitrogen. 3) The variation in the 15N-labeled nitric oxide emissions flux under different nitrogen treatments was consistent; nitrogen application increased the 15N-labeled nitric oxide emissions flux, but the difference between the low-nitrogen and high-nitrogen treatments was not significant (P>0.05).
Citation: Fu X, Ni H, Liu Y, Wang J, Wang J, Ma F (2020) Short-term effects of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen spatial and temporal distributions in a Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland of the Sanjiang Plain. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0232767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232767
Editor: Jian Liu, Shandong University, CHINA
Received: February 27, 2020; Accepted: April 21, 2020; Published: May 21, 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Fu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31700424), Heilongjiang academy of sciences pre-research project (YY2019ZR02), and National Key Research and Development Project (2016YFC0500405).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
With the increase in chemical fertilizer consumption and the continuous utilization of fossil fuels, excessive nitrogen has been deposited in the plant ecosystem through the atmosphere and then stored in the soil through leaching, as part of the nitrogen cycle of the ecosystem [1,2]. Nitrogen is absorbed from the air through photosynthesis in tissues, causing nitrogen accumulation in various organs of plants, such as stems and leaves [3,4] Most scholars consider soil nitrogen storage, absorption, and loss and soil microbial nitrification and denitrification to determine the impact of the nitrogen cycle on ecosystems. The increase in emissions and sedimentation of reactive nitrogen has already had a major impact on the processes and characteristics of various ecosystems [5,6,7,8,9].Wetlands are ecosystems with strong land and water interactions and mainly include natural or artificial swamps, peatlands and waters. As important ecosystems of the land-sea transition zone, they play an important role in conserving water resources, decreasing water-level peaks and floods, regulating climate, purifying pollutants, maintaining soil and water, storing carbon pools, and providing habitats for species given their special composition and structure. Wetlands provide environmental protection and other types of protection. As a unique ecosystem, wetlands play an important role in the global change process. The Sanjiang Plain contains the most intact and well-maintained original wetland in China. This wetland has high biodiversity and is also an important representative of wetland ecosystems and a wetland of international significance [10]. C.angustifolia is a dominant plant in the typical meadows and swampy meadows on the Sanjiang Plain. This plant is typically a dominant species, subdominant species or important associated species in marsh vegetation [11,12,13]. Therefore, this study used the typical wetland of the Sanjiang Plain, a C. angustifolia wetland, as the research object and used the 15N tracer technique to study the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of nitrogen in plant-soil systems under different nitrogen deposition levels. The short-term effects of N2O emissions fluxes and the nitrogen allocation strategies in plant-soil-atmosphere systems are of great theoretical and practical significance for studying global climate change trends and comprehensively and realistically evaluating wetland nitrogen cycling.
2. Research materials and test methods
2.1 Overview of research sites
The Honghe National Nature Reserve is located in the northeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. The geographical position is 47°42′~47°52′ north latitude, 133°34′~133°46′ east longitude, and the total area is 21.84 Mha. The study area has a temperate monsoon climate with a multiyear average temperature of 1.9°C; the coldest month has an average temperature of -23.4°C, and the hottest month has an average temperature of 22.4°C. The extreme minimum temperature is -39.1°C, and the extreme maximum temperature is 40°C. The average annual precipitation is 585 mm, and 50%~70% of the precipitation occurs from July to September. The average annual evaporation is 1166 mm, and the ≥10°C effective accumulated temperature is 2165~2624°C. The number of annual h of sunshine is 2356 hours. The soil types are mainly meadow soil, white soil and marsh soil. The vegetation is Changbai flora, and the zonal vegetation is temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Due to the combined effects of climate, geography, hydrology and other factors, large-area nonzonal swamps, meadows and other low-humidity vegetation areas have formed. The dominant species are grasses and sedges that can tolerate wet, marshy conditions. There are island forests only in some areas. The main types of vegetation are meadows and marshes. The dominant plants include C. angustifolia, Glyceria spiculosa, Carex lasiocarpa, and Carex pseudo-curaica.
At the experimental station, a typical and representative C. angustifolia community was selected as the research object. C. angustifolia is the dominant species, and the coverage is over 80%. The main companion plants are Sanguisorba parviflora, Filipendula intermedia, Sium suave, Lythrum salicaria, and Vicia cracca, among others.
2.2 Experimental design
Simulated nitrogen deposition was achieved by the application of dual-labeled ammonium nitrate (15NH415NO3). Three processing plots (5 m×5 m) were set up at the test station. Each plot was divided into three 1 m×1 m cells, separated by a buffer of a 1 m width. These three cells were randomly set to CK: 0 g nitrogen/m2 (control), N1: 4 g nitrogen/m2 (low nitrogen), or N2: 8 g nitrogen/m2 (high nitrogen).
The N2O effluxes were observed using static dark box-gas chromatography. In the early stage of the experiment, the base was buried in advance to allow sufficient time to minimize the disturbance from the base installation. The base was made of stainless steel, length × width × depth = 50 cm× 50 cm × 20 cm, and the upper end of the base had a groove that was 2 cm deep and 2 cm wide for water sealing to prevent air leakage. Holes with a diameter of approximately 2 cm were drilled on the sidewalls of the base in four directions, which facilitated the exchange of soil moisture and nutrients in the base with the soil outside the base. After the base was fixed to the sample, it was not removed until the end of the whole experiment, which helped fix the sampling points and remove the spatial heterogeneity in the sampling.
After the base of the dark box was set up, there were approximately 15 days of stabilization before nitrogen application. After the 15-day stabilization period, 15N-labeled 15NH415NO3 was applied.
2.3 Measurements of the N2O effluxes
The N2O effluxes were defined as the change in the measured gas mass discharged in the observation chamber per unit time and area.
J——Effluxes (mg · m-2 · h-1);
——The slope of the line in which the concentration of the gas varies with time;
M——The molar mass of the gas being measured;
P——The pressure at the sampling point;
T——Absolute temperature at sampling time;
V0, P0, T0——The molar volume, air pressure and absolute temperature of the gas under standard conditions, respectively;
H——Height of sampling tank above water level;
J——When is positive, it means release, while negative value means absorption.
15N2O(mg/m2/h) = J×(14+15)/45×AT%(15N2O)×0.01
3. Results and analysis
The results of the variance analysis showed that tracer nitrogen was absorbed by plant roots and quickly transferred to plant stems and leaves. The content of tracer nitrogen in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the roots and stems (P < 0.01). It can be seen that most of the tracer nitrogen was absorbed by plant leaves, and the larger the amount of nitrogen applied, the more that was absorbed (Fig 1).
3.1 Effect of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen distribution in C. angustifolia
3.1.1 Nitrogen distribution in the underground part of C. angustifolia.
As shown in Fig 1, the nitrogen content in the roots of C. angustifolia slowly decreased over the growing season. After analysis of variance, the amount of tracer nitrogen in the roots of the low-nitrogen and high-nitrogen treatments was significantly higher than that in the control (P<0.01), and the amount of tracer nitrogen in the roots of the high-nitrogen treatment (N2) was significantly higher than that of the low-nitrogen treatment (N1) (P< 0.01). Therefore, increasing the amount of nitrogen applied can increase the absorption of tracer nitrogen in the underground part of the plant.
3.1.2 Distribution of nitrogen in the aerial part of C. angustifolia.
As shown in Fig 1, under the low-nitrogen and high-nitrogen treatments, the nitrogen content in the stems and leaves of C. angustifolia decreased over the growing season. After analysis of variance, the amount of tracer nitrogen in the stem and the leaves was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.01), and the amount of tracer nitrogen in the stem and the leaves in the high-nitrogen treatment (N2) was significantly higher than that in the low-nitrogen treatment (N1) (P < 0.01). Therefore, increasing the amount of nitrogen applied can greatly increase the absorption of tracer nitrogen in the aerial parts of plants.
3.2 Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil nitrogen forms in C. angustifolia wetlands
Fig 2 shows the trends in the NH4+-N and NO3—N content in soil under different nitrogen treatments. The nitrogen absorbed by the soil gradually decreased. Except in mid-August and mid-September, relatively more NH4+-N than NO3—N was adsorbed by the soil, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).
Table 1 (15N1, 15N2) shows that the trace nitrogen in the soil gradually decreased under the different nitrogen treatments, and the amount of 15N in ammonium nitrogen adsorbed by the soil in the growing season was higher than the amount of adsorbed 15N in nitrate nitrogen. Under the low-nitrogen treatment (Table 1 (15N1)), 15N in ammonium nitrogen adsorbed by soil reached a maximum value of 1.04 mg/kg in mid-July. Under the high-nitrogen treatment (Table 1 (15N2)), 15N in ammonium nitrogen adsorbed by soil reached a maximum of 7.56 mg/kg in mid-June and late June, which was more than 7 times the amount adsorbed in the low-nitrogen treatment. In comparison to the low-nitrogen treatment, the high-nitrogen treatment reached a higher maximum adsorption capacity. As the nitrogen application rate increased, the adsorption of nitrogen on the soil increased. Moreover, despite the differences in tracer nitrogen form and addition amount, the soil still adsorbed a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. It was further proven that nitrate nitrogen is mostly absorbed and utilized by plants. Therefore, C. angustifolia prefers nitrate nitrogen (the same conclusion as that in my articles to be published).
After applying tracer nitrogen for 15 days, soil adsorption of the tracer nitrogen peaked; that is, under the low-nitrogen treatment, the traced ammonium nitrogen accounted for 4.9% of the total ammonium nitrogen in the soil, and the traced nitrate nitrogen accounted for 3.5% of the total nitrate nitrogen. Under the high-nitrogen treatment, traced ammonium nitrogen accounted for 19.7% of the soil total ammonium nitrogen, and traced nitrate nitrogen accounted for 9.1% of the soil total nitrate nitrogen, further demonstrating the differences between the nitrogen treatments. With more applied nitrogen, the amount of adsorption increased.
3.3 Short-term response of 15N2O emissions flux in the C. angustifolia community to simulated nitrogen deposition
As shown in Fig 3, the variation in the 15N2O emissions flux under the different nitrogen treatments was consistent. In the short term, 15N2O showed an “up and down” fluctuation. At 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after the nitrogen application, the high-nitrogen treatment (N2) 15N2O emissions flux was higher than that of the low-nitrogen treatment flux (N1); at 96 h and 120 h after nitrogen application, the low-nitrogen treatment (N1) 15N2O emissions flux was higher than that of the high-nitrogen treatment (N2). Except at 96 h, both nitrogen treatments were higher than the control (CK). Therefore, nitrogen application increased the 15N2O emissions flux, but the difference between the low-nitrogen and high-nitrogen treatments was not significant (P>0.05). The maximum value of the 15N2O emissions flux was 0.09% of the total N2O emissions flux, indicating that most of the exogenous nitrogen was absorbed and utilized by the soil.
As shown in Fig 4, the variation in the tracer nitrogen δ value in N2O emitted under different nitrogen treatments was almost the same among treatments. The differences at different times and in different treatments were not significant (P>0.05), but the values for the low-nitrogen and high-nitrogen treatments were higher than that for the control; in addition, the value for the high-nitrogen treatment was significantly higher than that for the control (P<0.05). Therefore, as the amount of nitrogen applied increased, the tracer nitrogen in the discharged N2O also increased, further demonstrating that nitrogen application can increase N2O emissions flux.
4. Discussion
Nitrogen is an important limiting factor for the growth of terrestrial plants. Nitrogen input can directly damage plant tissues [14] or affect the nutrient absorption and distribution of plants by changing the physical and chemical properties of the soil, resulting in changes in the biomass allocation characteristics of various organs of plants [15,16,17]. In this study, the isotope tracing technique was used and showed that different nitrogen deposition levels have a certain promotion effect on the aboveground and underground parts of C. angustifolia, which is consistent with the results of Liu Deyan et al. (2008) [18]. Because nitrogen is an important limiting factor for plant growth in the Sanjiang Plain wetland [19], an appropriate amount of nitrogen input can stimulate plant growth. Domestic scholars have also studied the response characteristics of nitrogen input in the estuary wetland of the Minjiang River. It was also found that nitrogen input promoted the TN content of roots, stems, leaves and sheaths of S. alterniflora [17]. The study also found that most of the tracer nitrogen was absorbed and utilized by the plant body, and the absorption amount accounted for 52%-86% of the total tracer amount applied. The absorption amount decreased linearly with the growing season. The higher the nitrogen application was, the more the plant body absorbed. With less volatilization and leaching loss, increased nitrogen application can greatly improve nitrogen utilization.
The form of nitrogen greatly affected the absorption characteristics of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the plant roots. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the amount of nitrate nitrogen absorbed by the plant roots was much greater than the amount of ammonium nitrogen absorbed, and most of the ammonium nitrogen was adsorbed by the soil. The more nitrogen applied, the more ammonium nitrogen is adsorbed by the soil. However, the amount of traced nitrate nitrogen adsorbed by the soil was very small, generally accounting for 1%-2% of the total tracer nitrogen, and most of the adsorption was traced ammonium. The study found that the amount of tracer nitrogen in the soil did not change significantly with the growing season.
N2O emissions from wetland ecosystems are mainly determined by nitrification and denitrification processes in the soil. These processes are strongly influenced by soil temperature and humidity, NH4+-N, NO3—N in the soil, and soil microbes [20,21,22,23]. Previous studies have shown that the effects of nitrogen application on N2O emissions from wetland ecosystems can vary. Hu et al. [24] showed that in the short term, nitrogen deposition did not change the seasonal variation and diurnal variation in the soil N2O flux of a deciduous broad-leaved forest in the northern subtropical zone. Jiang et al. [25] studied alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and found that the short-term addition of nitrogen in the growing season led to an increase in N2O emissions. The reason may be that nitrogen application promoted the denitrification process in the alpine meadows and promoted N2O emissions. In addition, Fang et al. [26] found that low nitrogen did not change soil N2O emissions, while high nitrogen promoted N2O emissions.
This outcome was due to the changes in the community structure of N2O-producing bacteria under high-nitrogen conditions, which result in an increase in their activity and thereby promote N2O emissions. The study found that wetland swampy meadows are a weak N2O emissions source, and different nitrogen treatments can significantly promote N2O emissions in wetlands within 72 h. After 96 h, the emissions promotion from low nitrogen disappears, but high nitrogen levels still promote N2O emissions. This may be because the input nitrogen is mainly absorbed and utilized by other plants, and the amount of nitrogen remaining in the soil is insufficient to change the rate of soil nitrification and denitrification. Therefore, the effect of low-nitrogen input on soil N2O emissions is not obvious. This conclusion is related to that of Mou Xiaojie et al. [27]. The conclusions from the study of the Minjiang River estuary wetland are consistent, depending on the nitrification and denitrification processes, and may be affected by time, soil temperature and humidity, and soil nutrient content [28].
Acknowledgments
We thank the National and Provincial Joint Engineering Laboratory of Wetlands and Ecological Conservation, Institute of Nature & Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences and the Honghe National Nature Reserve for instructional support.
References
- 1. Matthews E. Nitrogenous fertilizers: global distribution of consumption and associated emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1994, 8 (4): 411–439.
- 2. Lovett G M, Goodale C L. A new conceptual model of nitrogen saturation based on experimental nitrogen addition to an oak forest [J]. Ecosystems, 2011, 14 (4): 615–631.
- 3. Xia J, Wan S. Global response patterns of terrestrial plant species to nitrogen addition. New Phytologist, 2008, 179 (2): 428–439. pmid:19086179
- 4. Crowley K F, Mcneil B E, Lovett G M, et al. Do nutrient limitation patterns shift from nitrogen toward phosphorus with increasing nitrogen deposition across the northeastern United States? Ecosystems, 2012, 15 (6): 940–957.
- 5. Vitousek P M, Aber J D, Howarth R W, et al. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences. Ecological applications. 1997, 7(3): 737–750.
- 6. Aber J D, McDowell W, Nadelhoffer K, Magill A, Berntson G, Kamakea M, et al. 1998, Nitrogen saturation n in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 48: 921–934.
- 7.
[NRC] National Research Council, 1996. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington(DC): National Academy Press.
- 8. Tartowski S, Howarth RW, 2000. Nitrogen, nitrogen cycling. Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 4: 377–388.
- 9. Matson P A, Lohse K A, Hall S J. The globalization of nitrogen deposition: consequences for terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio, 2002, 31(2): 113–119. pmid:12077999
- 10.
Ni H-W. Research on Plant Diversity of Wetland in Sanjiang Plain. Northeast Normal University, 2001.
- 11. Ni H-W, Zang Sh-Y, Gao Y-K. Study on seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass and growth rate of deyeuxia angustifolia population in marsh meadow on Sanjiang Plain. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 1996, 16(4): 489–495.
- 12. Ni H-W. Study on the biomass of aboveground organs and layer structure of deyeuxia angustifolia in typical meadow on Sanjiang Plain. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 1996, 16(3): 356–362.
- 13. Ni H-W, Zhang X, Jia L, Gao Y-H, Wu H-Y. The aboveground biomass dynamics of deyeuxia angustifolia population in typicalell meadow on Sanjiang Plain. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 1998, 18(3): 328–335.
- 14. Pearson J, Stewart G R. The deposition of atmospheric ammonia and its effects on plants. New Phytologist, 1993, 125: 283–305.
- 15. Hättenschwiler S, Köner C. Biomass allocation and canopy development in spruce model ecosystems under elevated CO2 and increased N deposition. Oecologia, 1998, 113, 104–l14.
- 16. Li D-J, Mo J-M, Fang Y-T, et al. Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on biomass production and allocation in Schima superba and Cryptocarya concinna seedlings in subtropical china, Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29 (4): 543–549.
- 17. Duan H-L, Liu J-X, Deng Q, et al. Effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition on plant biomass accumulation and allocation in subtropical forest ecosystems: a mesocosm study. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33 (3): 570–579.
- 18. Liu D Y, Song CH-CH. Responses of marsh wetland plant Calamagrostis angustifolia to exogenous nitrogen input. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, Dec. 2008, 19(12): 2599–2604. pmid:19288710
- 19. Sun X-L, Liu J-SH, Chu Y-R. Nitrogen dynamics in different organs of Calamagrostis angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa in Sanjiang plain. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, Dec.2000, 11(6):893–897. pmid:11767567
- 20. Wei D, Xu R, Liu Y-W, Wang Y-H, Wang Y-S. Three-year study of CO2 efflux and CH4 / N2O fluxes at an alpine steppe site on the central Tibetan Plateau and their responses to simulated N deposition. Geoderma, 2014, 232–234:88–96.
- 21. Wei D, Xun R, Wang Y-H, Yao T-D. CH4,N2O and CO2 Fluxes and Correlation with Environmental Factors of Alpine Steppe Grassland in Nam Co Region of Tibetan Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 19(3):412–419.
- 22. Wang G-L, Chen D-L, Li Y. Effect of soil temperature, moisture and NH4+-N concentration on nitrification and nitrification-induced N2O emission. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Jan. 2010, 18(1):1–6.
- 23. Ma G, Wang P, Wang D X, Xu S Q. Response of soil greenhouse gas emissions to different forms of nitrogen in alpine shrub ecosystems. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(3):20–29.
- 24. Hu ZH-H, Zhang H, Chen SH-T, Li Q, Li H-M, Shen SH-H. Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on N2O and CH4 fluxes of soil in forest belt. China Environmental Science, 2011,31(6):892–897.
- 25. Jiang C-M, Yu G-R, Fang H-J, Cao G-M, Ling Y-N. Short-term effect of increasing nitrogen deposition on CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(24):2920–2926.
- 26. Fang H-J, Cheng S-L, Yu G-R, Wang Y-S, Xu M-J, Dang X-S, et al. Microbial mechanisms responsible for the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on methane uptake and nitrous oxide emission in forest soils: a review. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34 (17): 4799–4806.
- 27. Mou X-J. Response of key processes of carbon and nitrogen cycle to nitrogen addition in the Min River estuarine wetland, 2013.
- 28. Sommer S G, Schjoerring J K, Denmead O T. Ammonia emission from mineral fertilizers and fertilized crops. Advances in Agronomy, 2004, 82:557–622.