http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-9462
Figures
Abstract
Background
Research suggests that palliative home care should be integrated early into standard care for end-stage COPD patients. Patients also express the wish to be cared for and to die at home. However, a practice model for early integration of palliative home care (PHC) into standard care for end-stage COPD has not been fully developed.
Aim
To develop an intervention for early integration of PHC into standard care for end-stage COPD patients.
Methods
We conducted a Phase 0–I study according to the Medical Research Council Framework for the development of complex interventions. Phase 0 aimed to identify the inclusion criteria and key components of the intervention by way of an explorative literature search of interventions, expert consultations, and seven focus groups with general practitioners and community nurses on perceived barriers to and facilitators of early integrated PHC for COPD. In Phase 1, the intervention, its inclusion criteria and its components were developed and further refined by an expert panel and two expert opinions.
Results
Phase 0 resulted in identification of inclusion criteria and components from existing interventions, and barriers to and facilitators of early integration of PHC for end-stage COPD. Based on these findings, a nurse-led intervention was developed in Phase I consisting of training for PHC nurses in symptom recognition and physical therapy exercises for end-stage COPD, regular visits by PHC nurses at the patients’ homes, two information leaflets on self-management, a semi-structured protocol and follow-up plan to record the outcomes of the home visits, and integration of care by enabling collaboration and communication between home and hospital-based professional caregivers.
Conclusion
This Phase 0-I trial succeeded in developing a complex intervention for early integration of PHC for end-stage COPD. The use of three methods in Phase 0 gave reliable data on which to base inclusion criteria and components of the intervention. The preliminary effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of the intervention will be subsequently tested in a Phase II study.
Citation: Scheerens C, Chambaere K, Pardon K, Derom E, Van Belle S, Joos G, et al. (2018) Development of a complex intervention for early integration of palliative home care into standard care for end-stage COPD patients: A Phase 0–I study. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0203326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203326
Editor: Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Nord University, NORWAY
Received: April 10, 2018; Accepted: August 17, 2018; Published: September 19, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Scheerens et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Funded by IWT - Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie & SBO - Strategisch Basis Onderzoek: 140009 (received: LD).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Background
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death[1] and involves a progressive, inexorable functional decline and acute episodes of exacerbation[2]. End-stage COPD patients display symptoms including dyspnea, fatigue, anxiety and low mood, leading to a reduced quality of life[3]. Even with medical care, these symptoms impact heavily on daily activities, emotional and social functioning[3] while physical and psychosocial needs are inadequately addressed[4].
Integrating palliative care (PC) early into regular care could address these unmet needs and could have a positive impact on end-stage COPD patients[5,6]. Conversations about prognosis should be an integral part of care; strategies for professional caregivers to facilitate these discussions include being aware of the implications of the diagnosis, building a good relationship with the patient and starting the discussion of prognosis early in the disease course[7]. While patients with end-stage COPD often die in intensive care unit settings in hospital rather than at home[8], they actually prefer to be cared for at home[9] and to die at home[10]. If PC was provided at home it could improve quality of life[11,12], and increase the chances of dying at home[13].
Moreover, if palliative home care (PHC) was provided early enough it could avoid unnecessary hospital visits and admissions, overly aggressive care and excessive end-of-life-related medical costs[14]. Patients with end-stage COPD themselves express the need for integrated PHC as an addition to standard care[15]. However, implementing PHC early is not without its challenges because the unpredictability of the illness trajectory and survival time can complicate decisions about when to introduce it[5]. There are other challenges e.g. that some professional caregivers view PC for end-stage COPD as not valuable or believe that PC needs can be addressed by standard care alone[16].
Furthermore, research on implementing and testing early integrated PHC in clinical practice for end-stage COPD is fairly limited, with studies focusing either on PHC or on early PC, but not on both, except for one trial that tested acceptance of home support and integrated care among end-stage COPD patients[15]. Other studies and trials explored place of death and costs of medical care for COPD patients receiving PHC[13], early introduction of specialised PC for COPD[17,18], management of mainly one symptom i.e. breathlessness through PHC[19] or identification tools for end-stage COPD patients in need of proactive PC[20]. Interventions in cancer research have also tested some models of early and/or integrated PC/PHC demonstrating positive effects on quality of life and quality of care[21–25]. However, a practical model to implement early integration of PHC in standard home care for end-stage COPD patients is lacking; therefore, our study aim was to develop an evidence-based intervention supporting the early integration of PHC into standard care for end-stage COPD patients.
Methods
Study design
The intervention was developed using the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for complex intervention design[26]. This framework provides multiples steps (from Phase 0 to Phase IV) for developing and evaluating complex interventions. The process may take different forms, with several Phases consisting of key functions and activities. The arrows indicate the main interactions between the Phases (Fig 1). Reporting is not shown as a separate activity, because it is regarded as an important element of each stage in the process[26]. This study consists of a Phase 0-I trial involving the identification and modelling of the inclusion criteria, core components of the intervention.
Phase 0 –Identifying the evidence base and developing the theory
Three methods were used to obtain data for developing inclusion criteria and key components. Key components—the core of the intervention—are intended to be, and have been, positively associated with the outcomes that address identified needs[27,28].
The first method was an exploration of relevant literature, taking place between April 2015 and November 2016. This search identified published trial results and protocol papers of uncompleted trials on PC and/or symptom management for COPD. The used methodology was an explorative literature search. A search strategy was developed by CS and KC for PubMed. A combination of controlled vocabulary and free text words was used to search in titles and abstracts: COPD and intervention in combination with PC, early PC, general practitioners (GPs), and symptom management. The reference list of all identified studies was screened for additional relevant studies. A study was included if it reported: (1) Intervention results or an intervention protocol (the most recent results of one trial needed to be included), (2) Components related to PC or symptom management for end-stage COPD patients, and (3) Clear reference to inclusion criteria of participants. The eligibility of selected studies was independently assessed by CS and KC, and this selection was then revised by the research team. Appraisal was undertaken by CS and KC by critically reviewing all selected studies. No appraisal tool was used as the design was exploratory and not systematically.
The second method, undertaken between May and September 2016, was to consult experts for their views on possible inclusion criteria and components, based on their experiences and ideas about the future of PHC. 27 national and international experts from either clinical and/or research settings were selected for their research and/or clinical expertise in PC and/or COPD as a criterion. An extra criterion was stipulated for Belgian experts, namely their knowledge about the Belgian and Flemish healthcare context concerning care for COPD, as this was information we could not gather from the literature search and from international experts. By recruiting both experts in PC and/or in COPD we tried to obtain a sample of experts representing a wide range of experience related to the topic (maximum variation sampling). Other international and national experts in COPD and/or PC were recruited through professional contacts of experts we interviewed (snowball sampling). A topic guide in English and in Dutch can be seen in S1 Table.
Thirdly, we conducted focus groups between September 2015 and September 2016 to gain more insight into PHC practices, current standard care, barriers to be overcome and facilitators to promote early integration of PHC for end-stage COPD patients in Flanders, Belgium. This method complemented the previous methods with information about the specific Flemish context of the intervention. The methods of the focus groups are published elsewhere[29].
Phase I: Modelling the intervention for clinical practice
In Phase I, the intervention was modelled[30]. Outcomes of the intervention were stipulated to be improvement in quality of life for end-stage COPD patients and in quality of care. The research team developed a first draft of a complex intervention, based on the results of Phase 0. The most common used and mentioned inclusion criteria and intervention components were selected, while also taking into account the research setting, the Flemish context, possibilities to replicate the intervention, feasibility and acceptability issues. Refinements to this draft were done by one expert panel and two individual expert opinions who further selected the best courses of action in order to enhance implementation. These Flemish experts identified possible implementation barriers which could occur and searched for solutions to overcome these barriers.
Flemish expert panel and expert opinions for implementation issues.
The Flemish experts were selected for knowledge about COPD, either in clinical practice, in PHC or in social work. The expert panel and expert opinions were held in December 2016, of which the panel took one and a half hour, was audio taped and transcribed verbatim, while the expert opinions were via e-mail. The expert panel (n = 8) consisted of three GPs, a pulmonologist, a pulmonary nurse, a community nurse (CN) and a psychologist who works in a PHC team. Some of them had also been consulted for Phase 0 in the expert consultations or the focus groups. The two expert opinions were provided by a GP and a social worker. They all went through the draft of the intervention for improvements and adaptations. The inclusion criteria were also revised on implementation issues by a well-experienced pulmonologist. The obtained data were categorised for each inclusion criterion and component and analysed within the research team to finalise the intervention. A flow diagram of the methods used from Phase 0 to I is given in Table 1.
Ethical aspects
The research protocol and topic guides for the focus groups were approved by the Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital (Reference: 2016/0171).A signed informed consent was obtained from each participant in the focus groups and the expert consultations, panel and opinions. Anonymity was assured by preventing the participants being identified from the transcripts.
Results
Phase 0 –Identifying the evidence base and developing theory
Exploration of relevant literature.
From the explorative electronic database search 68 records were identified. After removal of duplicates and irrelevant reports, the title and abstract of 58 records was screened and 30 full-text articles were retrieved for detailed evaluation. Contact with the first authors and a search in reference lists of included articles yielded eight records. Seventeen articles met all inclusion criteria and were included for data-extraction and quality assessment (Fig 2). Eleven were intervention studies and six were intervention protocols.
The most commonly used inclusion criteria in the studies were hospitalisation for an exacerbation (recently, one or more times in the last year), end-stage dyspnea (according to the Medical Research Council Dyspnea score) and lung function scores (mostly GOLD III/IV) (Table 2).
The most used key components in the analysed studies were (1) advance care planning: training GPs[31] and respiratory nurses[32], or testing whether advance care planning affected the end-stage COPD patient’s decision-making about future preferences[33]; (2) respiratory rehabilitation: simple home and intensive hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation programmes[34], the involvement of respiratory health workers[35] or the integration of respiratory services with standard care therapy[6]; (3) specialised PC: specialised PC added to standard care[18,20]; (4) training professional caregivers: training GPs in early identification of end-stage COPD patients in need of PC, training on communication about preferences and written advance directives[31] or training on inhalation techniques[36]; (5) educating end-stage COPD patients: educating end-stage COPD patients about identification and treatment of exacerbations[37], decision-making in end-of-life care[38] or cognitive restructuring where patients learn to interpret physical and psychological symptoms about anxiety and dyspnea[39], and (6) improving self-management of end-stage COPD patients: using telemonitoring for symptom reporting[40], developing a breathlessness service for managing breathlessness[19,41] or using an action plan with a holistic assessment of physical, psychological, social and spiritual/existential needs[42]. A broader overview of the key components derived from the explorative literature search can be seen in S2 Table, and in-detail examination of it in S3 Table.
Expert consultations.
Of the 27 experts invited for consultation, 21 accepted the invitation. Nine were from Belgium, of whom six had expertise in PC and three in COPD. Twelve were from other countries, of whom seven were PC experts, two were experts in COPD, and three were experts in both PC and COPD. Experts were pulmonary specialists, a physiotherapist, experienced researchers, policymakers, people working in a PHC unit and GPs. (Table 3).
The experts considered inclusion and exclusion criteria by suggesting which criterion indicated PHC needs, and which not. They mentioned positive (facilitators) and negative (barriers) comments for each criterion. The most common mentioned inclusion criteria were: after admission in hospital for exacerbation (eight experts in favor), depending on lung function test (eight in favor, but also six not in favor), depending of functioning of the patient (four in favor) and being housebound (three in favor) (Table 4).
Possible components were discussed: advance care planning, psychosocial support and symptom control were recommended respectively by fourteen, eleven and eleven experts, although advance care planning was also seen as less suitable by nine and the benefits of psychosocial support were questioned by four. Increasing the patient’s knowledge and disease insight and providing pulmonary rehabilitation were each recommended by nine experts but barriers were also mentioned by respectively two and four. Eight experts stressed the importance of incorporating self-management into the intervention, while two reported barriers to that. Lastly, six experts saw possibilities for the involvement of informal caregivers in a PHC intervention, and three questioned it (Table 4). S4 Table provides an in-detail description of the mentioned barriers and facilitators for inclusion criteria and components.
Focus groups.
Three focus groups with GPs (n = 8, n = 8, n = 10) and four with CNs (n = 4, n = 7, n = 5, n = 12) were held. The categories of barriers related to early integration of PHC were (1) Unpredictable exacerbations and death in COPD and invisible deterioration of functioning; (2) Perceived patient attitudes such as a lack of disease insight and resistance towards care; (3) Professional caregiver practices with a lack of a coherent and proactive plan, insufficient experience and a negative view of PHC for end-stage COPD; (4) Not enough focus on knowledge and advantages of PHC and PC for end-stage COPD in professional caregivers’ basic and continuing education; (5) Healthcare and PHC system characteristics: too short consultations, insufficient coordination between hospital and home care, and a reimbursement system for PHC that is based on life expectancy; and (6) Communication: a lack of and unclear communication between professional caregivers about further care possibilities for end-stage COPD patients, and a lack of clear information about PHC between professional caregivers and their patients.
The categories of facilitators were (1) Trigger moments to start talking about early integration of PHC such as after hospitalisation, after a couple of exacerbations, when an end-stage COPD patient becomes oxygen-dependent or becomes housebound; (2) Involvement of informal caregivers in early integrated PHC for COPD; (3) Information about the advantages of early integrated PHC for end-stage COPD in professional caregivers’ education; (4) Including advance care planning as a part of healthcare and PHC systems and (5) Communication: enhancing communication between professional caregivers by installing a care coordinator, and between professional caregivers and end-stage COPD patients by explaining better and in a practical way early integrated PHC. The elaborate results are published elsewhere[29].
Phase I: Modelling process and outcomes
Inclusion criteria.
The most common used or mentioned inclusion criteria from literature and expert consultations were cross referenced to Flemish and clinical implementation issues. Lung function tests (GOLD III and GOLD IV[43]) were selected as a basic inclusion criterion to identify the end-stage of COPD. Next, as recommendations from GOLD[43] and the results in Phase 0 also stipulated that lowering of functioning and frequent exacerbations are evenly important predictors of end-stage COPD, we decided to combine lung function tests with two (in case of GOLD III) or one (in case of GOLD IV) criteria/criterion representing frequent and severe exacerbations (three or more hospitalisations for COPD in the past three years) or lowering of functioning (oxygen-dependent, COPD Assessment Test-scale ≥25, Medical Research Council dyspnea-scale of 4, intubation or non-invasive ventilation in the past year, low Body Mass Index or heart failure New York Heart Association of 3). By designing the criteria in this way, we tried to incorporate the diverse ways end-stage COPD could occur. The selected exclusion criteria reflect a patient able to participate in the study such as region of residence, Dutch speaking and no or low cognitive impairment. We also excluded active cancers as patients would otherwise have a higher chance of referral to PHC because of their cancer diagnosis (Table 5).
Components.
The five final components were developed by combining all results from Phase 0. Predefined outcomes for the intervention were improving quality of life for end-stage COPD patients and quality of care. Therefore, we prioritised the most common used or mentioned components from the literature and expert consultations: advance care planning, pulmonary rehabilitation, patients’ knowledge and disease-insight and symptom control. The results also suggested to include the involvement of informal caregivers, psychosocial support and self-management as a component. Furthermore, the results from the focus group study revealed that advance care planning, training professional caregivers, increasing knowledge about COPD and PHC for patients and involving informal caregivers could enhance early integrated PHC. Almost all these components were included in the first draft of the design, representing a holistic PHC approach[42].
However, the final selection of components took into account the Flemish context of PHC, feasibility issues for the involved PHC team and for the research setting, replication possibilities for other studies and implementation issues in clinical practice. Pulmonary rehabilitation was therefore excluded as a component on its own, as this was not feasible for the involved PHC team of the intervention. Also, advance care planning and involving informal caregivers were combined in one component. As PHC teams in Flanders already offer advance care planning and support for informal caregivers as standard PHC, we chose to focus the component more on a systematic reporting tool about these subjects, as this still lacking in their current care management.
After the content of the intervention was decided, we modelled and further operationalised it into five concrete components using elements from previous interventions and projects as well new ideas from the research team. Further adjustments were made by the expert panel and expert opinions. The components are: (1) Training of the PHC team in care for end-stage COPD patients, (2) Monthly home visits by a PHC nurse, (3) Information leaflets, (4) A semi-structured protocol for home visits, and (5) Integration of care between involved professional caregivers.
Component 1—Training of the PHC team in care for end-stage COPD patients: Training in knowledge and care for patients with end-stage COPD will be provided to the nurses of the PHC team, who expressed the need for this. The PHC team will also learn to work with the semi-structured protocol and the information leaflets. The expert panel confirmed the need for training the team and agreed on the topics (see infra) included in the training. One expert advised the inclusion of information on the value of physical activity and dietary advice as many end-stage COPD patients suffer from nutritional deficiencies and low muscle mass. The research team decided to include this recommendation. The topics of training will be:
- - Providing information on the disease trajectory of COPD and the symptom burden for end-stage COPD patients
- - Recognising and managing an exacerbation
- - Providing information about the role of exercise, breathing exercises, coping with the disease and self-management skills
- - Learning to work with the semi-structured protocol that will be used during home visits
- - Learning to work with the information leaflets ‘Breathing and saving energy’ and ‘Preventing and coping with complaints’
Component 2—Home visits by a PHC nurse: Home visits by a PHC nurse are already part of PHC as usual to support the patient and their informal caregivers. However, end-stage COPD patients are not receiving PHC visits systematically in Flanders and if so, it is mainly in the terminal phase[46]. In Phase 0, it became clear from the literature[47] that end-stage COPD patients need more systematic support for their symptoms and concerns, and not only in the terminal phase. Therefore, systematic home visits by a PHC nurse are incorporated as a component with a minimum frequency of one per month over a period of six months in total, which can be increased if more follow-up would be needed. This was seen as appropriate by the expert panel.
Component 3—Information leaflets: In current PHC practice in Flanders, tools for patients’ self-management, knowledge and disease insight are insufficiently used, although this could vary among PHC teams. In contrast, both the literature[19,41] and our expert consultations provided evidence for the benefits of appending self-management tools in PHC for end-stage COPD patients. Therefore, information leaflets on self-management of COPD symptoms were selected as an component. The leaflets will be offered to the patient during PHC visits. The expert panel recommended that Flemish leaflets should be used to improve comprehensibility for Flemish people, but as there were none in existence at the time, Dutch-translated leaflets from the ‘Living well with COPD’ Canadian project, originally developed in English, were chosen[48]. This project is a Canadian learning method for COPD patients and their families. It focuses on raising awareness and knowledge about COPD and on teaching patients possible coping mechanisms, breathing exercises, knowledge and use of medication. The Dutch-translated leaflets were developed for patients living in the Netherlands and contain therefore information e.g. brand names of medication only available in the Netherlands. Following the expert panel’s advise, we replaced this with a list of medication available in Belgium. Also, some words used in the Dutch-translated leaflets are not used in Flemish, but as we considered the general content very clear for Flemish speaking patients, this was left unchanged. However, we will analyse this possible bias in the feasibility and acceptability study from the Phase II intervention.
Component 4 –Semi-structured protocol during home visits: Currently, most PHC teams in Flanders do not use a standardised registration document listing and reporting all possible topics of care and support covered during home visits. PHC nurses also lack knowledge about the specific symptom burden in end-stage COPD. We therefore developed a semi-structured protocol for reporting about a pre-defined list of COPD-related care and support management topics during home visits. The structure of the protocol is inspired by the interventions of Weber et al[17], Buckingham et al[42] and Vanbutsele et al[23] and contains nine focus areas, representing a holistic PHC approach: disease-insight and coping, symptom management (flagged by completing The Dutch version of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS)), care planning, support for informal caregivers, psychosocial support, spiritual support, other non-predefined support e.g. financial, practical and administrative, coordination of care and an action plan (Table 6). The expert panel recommended changing some words from the Dutch ESAS into Flemish in order to improve interpretation. They also added ‘tightness in the chest’ next to ‘breathlessness’ as the former referred to another symptom than the latter.
Component 5 –Integration of care between involved professional caregivers: Current PHC in Flanders does not use standard reporting or communication procedures between PHC nurses and other professional caregivers, except for regular contact with the GP, who instigates PHC. As seen in Phase 0, the focus groups stressed the need for a care coordinator to install a proactive care plan as conflicting treatment between professional caregivers often occurs. Consequently, the component ‘integration of care’ will systematise report mechanisms and communication between the PHC nurses and involved professional caregivers. With the agreement of the patient, the PHC nurse will send a report of the semi-structured protocol with the action plan and the overview of the coordination after each home visit to the GP, CN, physiotherapist and pulmonologist. The GPs will be particularly involved as the PHC nurse will always contact them if further action or care is needed and if important changes in the health status of the patient would occur. An overview of how the final components were derived from the Phase 0 results can be seen in Table 7.
Discussion
Summary of the results
In this article we described the development and modelling of an intervention of early integrated palliative home care (PHC) for end-stage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. Predefined outcomes were improvement in quality of life for end-stage COPD patients and quality of care. Phase 0 resulted in the identification of possible inclusion criteria, components, barriers to and facilitators for early integration of PHC for end-stage COPD. Based on these findings, in Phase I, a nurse-led intervention was developed with inclusion criteria representing PHC needs and a decline in functioning. Five components were modelled: (1) Training on symptom recognition and physical therapy exercises for the involved PHC team; (2) Regular home visits by PHC nurses; (3) Two information leaflets on self-management of COPD; (4) A semi-structured protocol to record the outcomes of the PHC visits and (5) Integration of care by encouraging collaboration and communication between involved professional caregivers in primary and secondary care.
Strengths and weaknesses
A key strength was conducting a Phase 0–I study according to the Medical Research Council (MRC)-framework, as this provided a high-quality structured and phased process towards the development of a complex intervention[28]. This is confirmed by previous interventions on end-of-life care and advance care planning[6,27]. To our knowledge this is also the first nurse-led intervention exploring early integration of PHC for end-stage COPD, by combining several components with a holistic PHC approach.
One limitation is that we did not directly consult the perspectives of end-stage COPD patients and their informal caregivers in Phase 0 whereas the primary focus was in fact to gain insight into care possibilities for early integration of PHC. The views of end-stage COPD patients on PHC have been captured in previous research[15], although without taking into account the specific Flemish context. However, interviews with half of the patients and informal caregivers from the intervention group will be conducted in the Phase II evaluation study, where their perspectives on the intervention components and on possible improvements for a Phase III intervention trial will be explored.
Another limitation is that we did not included pulmonary rehabilitation as a separate component despite recommendations from expert consultations and literature, in the form of physical therapy sessions[34] or for breathlessness relief[6]. This was decided because pulmonary rehabilitation is formally not included in Flemish PHC services and the involved PHC nurses who will execute the intervention are not experienced with it. However, we included rehabilitation techniques and breathing exercises in the component ‘training for the PHC team’ and the PHC team will refer the patient to a pulmonary physiotherapist if needed. Furthermore, in the Phase II evaluation study, the necessity of incorporating it as a component in future interventions will be evaluated.
Comparison with existing literature
The component ‘semi-structured protocol’ was developed using combined elements from three previous interventions. The components of Weber et al[18] were used for shaping the content of the focus areas: symptom control, spiritual/existential, psychosocial and support for informal caregivers, knowledge about the disease and coordination of care. The components of Buckingham’s intervention[42] added a concrete self-management tool in the form of an action plan. From Vanbutsele’s et al [23] intervention we took the structure of the semi-structured protocol document, with indications of how long (in minutes) a PHC nurse will discuss one topic. This led to a semi-structured protocol which encompasses a complete care support programme.
When comparing the intervention with study results in a recent review[5] about PC and symptom management for COPD, similarities and differences occurred. The review summarised current evidence on how symptoms and concerns in COPD could be addressed using PC interventions, and also deduced potential models for integrative working e.g. symptom-triggered services, short-term integrated PC, advanced COPD clinics and integrated respiratory care services (pulmonary rehabilitation, early supported discharge, hospital at home etc.). The findings indicated that these models could be triggered by indications for PC such as complex troublesome symptoms, a hospitalisation, change in place of residence, acute inpatient care for respiratory failure and the commencement of oxygen therapy. In the meantime, respiratory medicine and primary care could be offered simultaneously to the patient[5]. These suggested models focused mainly on managing specific symptoms such as breathlessness; which differed from the holistic focus of our intervention. A similarity is that the review supported early integration of PC with standard respiratory services. In our intervention pulmonologists will also receive monthly reports from the PHC nurse and will be able to co-decide, with the PHC nurse, about certain actions for the patient.
Implications for research, education and practice
Future research could focus on evaluating results of PHC interventions for end-stage COPD, and on analysing procedures and difficulties in enrolling and developing these interventions. Phase II interventions should also report more feasibility and acceptability results of participants, and could actively involve the latter in the development and evaluation phases. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about all these aspects. Not only is the number of interventions on PHC for end-stage COPD low, published interventions also often fail to report study procedures, which impedes replication of interventions in other contexts. More reviews like Maddocks et al[5], that proved its usefulness for in-sight information about trials and studies about PC for end-stage COPD, could provide this lacking information.
Furthermore, our results imply that more knowledge about care and support for end-stage COPD is needed for PHC nurses, but also for general practitioners (GPs) and community nurses. Emphasis on this topic should be provided in basic education with the possibility of learning skills in clinical practice. Further education on PHC should also include more disease specific support, for example learning breathing exercises for end-stage COPD, and should thus not be limited to care and support for cancer patients. In clinical practice for end-stage COPD, the roles of involved professional caregivers could be re-evaluated, by training PHC nurses better in providing pulmonary rehabilitation or teaching physiotherapists better in care for end-stage COPD. Early PHC for end-stage COPD, opposed to PHC given in the final stages of life or PHC for cancer, might also benefit from the involvement of pulmonary physiotherapists and psychologists besides PHC nurses.
Conclusion
This Phase 0-I process succeeded in developing a complex intervention for early integration of PHC into standard care for end-stage COPD patients. Three methods in Phase 0 gave reliable data with inclusion criteria and components for an intervention focused on holistic PHC. The feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of the intervention will be subsequently tested in a Phase II study.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Topic guide expert consultations in English and in Dutch.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203326.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Key components of existing interventions and intervention protocols on palliative care and symptom management for end-stage COPD patients based on explorative literature search.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203326.s002
(DOCX)
S3 Table. Explorative literature search on interventions and intervention protocols.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203326.s003
(DOCX)
S4 Table. Overview of barriers and facilitators on inclusion criteria and components from the expert consultations.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203326.s004
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all participating experts, general practitioners and community nurses for their efforts in providing data, Naomi Dhollander, MSc, for organising the focus groups, and Jane Ruthven for her language editing.
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