Genetic abrogation of the fibronectin-α5β1 integrin interaction in articular cartilage aggravates osteoarthritis in mice

Maylin Almonte-Becerril; Irene Gimeno-LLuch; Olga Villarroya; María Benito-Jardón; Juan Bautista Kouri; Mercedes Costell

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198559

Abstract

The balance between synthesis and degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix is severely altered in osteoarthritis, where degradation predominates. One reason for this imbalance is believed to be due to the ligation of the α5β1 integrin, the classic fibronectin (FN) receptor, with soluble FN fragments instead of insoluble FN fibrils, which induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Our objective was to determine whether the lack of α5β1-FN binding influences cartilage morphogenesis in vivo and whether non-ligated α5β1 protects or aggravates the course of osteoarthritis in mice. We engineered mice (Col2a-Cre;Fn1^RGE/fl), whose chondrocytes express an α5β1 binding-deficient FN, by substituting the aspartic acid of the RGD cell-binding motif with a glutamic acid (FN-RGE). At an age of 5 months the knee joints were stressed either by forced exercise (moderate mechanical load) or by partially resecting the meniscus followed by forced exercise (high mechanical load). Sections of femoral articular knees were analysed by Safranin-O staining and by immunofluorescence to determine tissue morphology, extracellular matrix proteins and matrix metalloproteinase expression. The articular cartilage from untrained control and Col2a-Cre;Fn1^RGE/fl mice was normal, while the exposure to high mechanical load induced osteoarthritis characterized by proteoglycan and collagen type II loss. In the Col2a-Cre;Fn1^RGE/fl articular cartilage osteoarthritis progressed significantly faster than in wild type mice. Mechanistically, we observed increased expression of MMP-13 and MMP-3 metalloproteinases in FN-RGE expressing articular cartilage, which severely affected matrix remodelling. Our results underscore the critical role of FN-α5β1 adhesion as ECM sensor in circumstances of articular cartilage regeneration.

Citation: Almonte-Becerril M, Gimeno-LLuch I, Villarroya O, Benito-Jardón M, Kouri JB, Costell M (2018) Genetic abrogation of the fibronectin-α5β1 integrin interaction in articular cartilage aggravates osteoarthritis in mice. PLoS ONE 13(6): e0198559. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559

Editor: Donald Gullberg, University of Bergen, NORWAY

Received: February 27, 2018; Accepted: May 21, 2018; Published: June 5, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 Almonte-Becerril et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: The authors would like to acknowledge the support by the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER): Mat2012-38359 (MINECO) and Mat2015- 69315 (MINECO/FEDER). MA-B was supported by CONACYT 168328. MB-J and OV were supported by contracts from the Conselleria Valenciana d’Educació i Ciència.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

The normal net balance between synthesis and degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is severely altered in osteoarthritis (OA), where degradation predominates and eventually results in the destruction of the articular cartilage. Currently, enormous efforts are dedicated to design therapies that revert or at least stop cartilage destruction. Tensions on the articular cartilage such as high impact exercises produce injuries that initiate a process of regeneration with limited potential due to the avascular nature of cartilage [1]. Another adverse factor for efficient cartilage ECM remodelling during regeneration is the formation of fragments from ECM components such as type II collagen, fibronectin (FN) and aggrecan, that, if they persist, promote the expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). For example, FN fragments, but not full length FN molecules were shown to contribute to disease progression [2–4] by accelerating MMPs production [5] and up-regulating the expression of catabolic cytokines in chondrocytes [6,7].

FN is a matrix glycoprotein composed of an array of type I, II and III modules. FN forms fibrillar matrices by an integrin-mediated assembly process. FN also binds collagens and heparan sulphate proteoglycans and offers multiple binding sites to cell adhesion molecules such as integrins and syndecans [8]. Since chondrocytes lack or have very few cell-to-cell contacts, it is thought that cell-matrix adhesions are major regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation [9,10]. FN is not essential for cartilage development, as mice with a cartilage-specific deletion of the FN gene lack obvious alterations in bone and cartilage [11]. However, the FN function during cartilage injury and regeneration has not been studied, although its potential role for cartilage regeneration is controversially discussed. While some authors found FN to promote ECM remodelling and chondrocyte survival and proliferation [12,13], others observed tissue-damaging pro-inflammatory effects induced by FN fragments [14–17].

The major cell-binding region of FN is the RGD motif, located in the FNIII10 repeat. The RGD motif binds α5β1 and αv-class integrins and controls FN fibrils assembly [8]. The α5β1 and αvβ5 integrins are the major integrins responsible for chondrocyte adhesion to FN [18]. It was also shown that α5β1 is heavily up-regulated in the OA cartilage [19]. FN fragments including the FNIII10 region have received particular attention as they bind α5β1 integrins on chondrocytes leading to rapid elevation of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and the production of MMP-13 that in turn further accelerates cartilage degradation [14–17]. Moreover, inhibition of α5 integrin expression was shown to arrest cartilage destruction induced by FN fragments in in vitro explant experiments [16]. These data, together with reports showing that the inhibition of MMP-13 expression or activation protects from inflammation, joint destruction [20–22] and experimental OA progression [23], underline the importance of understanding the α5β1 integrin adhesion and signalling and identify α5β1 as therapeutic target to halt OA progression.

The purpose of this study was to directly test whether the in vivo suppression of FN-RGD-mediated adhesion to α5β1 integrins in a genetically engineered mouse model influences cartilage morphogenesis and if not, whether the FN-RGD site alters both cartilage stability and the course of OA after experimental induction. We used a transgenic mouse strain in which the RGD motif in the FN gene was converted into RGE leading to a failure of α5β1 integrins to bind FN without affecting FN binding to αv-class integrins [24,25]. To express exclusively FN-RGE in cartilage we disrupted the floxed FN gene in compound heterozygous animals (Fn1^RGE/fl) using a collagen type II-driven Cre transgenic strain [26]. We demonstrate that mice lacking α5β1-FN binding in cartilage (Fn1^RGE/-) develop normal cartilage and bone. After moderate mechanical load, induced by forced exercise for 10 days, the knee cartilage remained unaffected although matrix metalloproteinase MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels were elevated. However, after exposure to high mechanical load, induced by partial meniscus resection followed by forced exercise, the OA progressed much faster in mice expressing FN-RGE in cartilage and was accompanied by elevated matrix metalloproteinase expression and by a dramatic reduction of cartilage ECM.

Materials and methods

Mice

The mice were housed in special pathogen free animal facility of the University of Valencia, Spain. We used the Fn1^RGE mouse strain in which the aspartic acid (D) of the RGD motif of FN was substituted with a glutamic acid (E) [24,25]. Since Fn1^RGE/RGE mice die at E9.5, we intercrossed Fn1^+/RGE, Fn1^+/fl [26] and murine type II collagen promotor-driven (Col2a1)-Cre [27] mouse strains to obtain the Col2a1-cre;Fn1^RGE/fl line (Fn1^RGE/-) that lacks the floxed FN allele and hence only expresses FN-RGE in cartilage (S1 Fig). It was previously demonstrated that the FN expression in cartilage is efficiently abrogated with Col2a1-cre;Fn1^fl/fl mice [11]. Littermate Col2a1-cre;Fn1^wt/wt (Fn1^wt/wt) mice were used as control group. Genotyping was carried out by PCR in DNA derived from tail (T) biopsies and the Cre-mediated deletion of the floxed FN allele was confirmed in DNA from the femoral capsules (C). The PCR primers used to identify the different alleles were as follows: for Fn1^RGE 5’-CAAAGAAGACCCCAAGAGCA-3’ (forward) and 5’-ACAAGCCCTGGCCTTTAGTT-3’ (reverse); for Fn1^fl 5’-GTACTGTCCCATATAAGCCTCTG-3’ (forward) and 5’-CTGAGCATCTTGAGTGGATGG GA-3’ (reverse). The location of the primers in the Fn1 gene is depicted in S1 Fig. The Cre transgene was identified with: 5’-GCCTGCATTACCGGTCGATGCAACGA-3’ (forward) and 5’-GTGGCAGATGGCGCGGCAACACCATT-3’ (reverse).

OA induction and forced exercise (FEx)

OA was induced in 5-month-old male Fn1^RGE/- and Fn1^wt/wt mice by surgically resecting the medial meniscus in the back right leg knee joint and exposing the mice to forced exercise, which consisted of walking daily a distance of 900 cm on a 0.5 cm wide bar followed by 10 jumps from a 10 cm height. This exercise, called here high load, was shown to accelerate the apparition of OA in rats after partial menisectomy [19,28]. In the case of our wild type mouse strain, this procedure induced progressive cartilage degeneration in 15–20 days. To expose Fn1^RGE/- articular cartilage to a milder stress, we used the same protocol of forced exercise, however without menisectomy. This protocol results in moderate mechanical load and is called forced exercise (FEx). Both procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of the Government of the Valencian Community (permission reference A1337246081246).

Histological analyses and tissue stainings

At indicated time points mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the whole knee joints dissected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) buffered with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 24 h at 4°C. The joints were decalcified for 18 h with 1:1 (v:v) 20% formic acid and 10% sodium citrate at 4°C. After dehydration with an increasing concentration series of ethanol (70%, 80%, 90%, 100%) and embedding in Paraplast (Sigma-Aldrich), 6 μm sagittal sections were prepared from the medial compartment of the joints, stained with Safranin-O or processed for immunostaining.

For Safranin-O staining sections were hydrated with PBS, stained sequentially with 0.01% fast green (Cymit, Barcelona), 1% acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1% Safranin-O, washed in running tap water, dehydrated by crescent concentrations of ethanol (90%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 96%, and 100%), incubated in xylol, and finally mounted with entellan mounted medium (Merck, Germany).

For Haematoxylin-Chromotrope-2R staining, sections were hydrated, stained for 4 min with Mayer’s hematoxylin solution (Sigma-Aldrich), washed and stained for 4 min in 1% Chromotrope (Santa Cruz) in ethanol 95%.

For immunostaining sections were re-hydrated with decreasing concentrations of ethanol (100%, 95%, 80%, 70%) and PBS. Sections were pretreated with 2 mg/ml hyaluronidase (Sigma Chemical, Germany) in PBS for 30 min at 37°C. Afterwards, sections were permeabilized with 0.2% tween-20 in PBS, pre-incubated with 0.2% IgG-free bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich) for 20 min at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies.

The following primary antibodies were used: mouse anti-type II collagen (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotech), goat anti-type I collagen (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-MMP-3 (1:200, Abcam), rabbit anti-MMP-13 (1:200, Abcam); rabbit anti-FN (1:250, Millipore) and rabbit anti-aggrecan (1:50, Millipore).

Secondary anti-mouse, -goat or -rabbit antibodies labeled with Cy3 (red) were used for immunofluorescence, and secondary biotinylated anti-IgG (1:200; Vector Laboratories) antibody were used for immunohistochemistry assays. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (1:600; Invitrogen, Paisley UK) for 1 min. The sections were coverslipped in Vectashield mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Immunostaining was visualized with ABC Elite kit (Vector Laboratories) and a solution of diaminobenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich) and hydrogen peroxide.

For negative controls the primary antibody was omitted. To quantify the fluorescence in cartilage the stained sections were observed with a Leica confocal microscope (TCS-SP5-DMI6000B with Plan Neor Fluor) and the number of pixels in the cartilage zone was evaluated and referred to the area size, using the Leica LAS AF lite confocal program. In each mouse, 3 sections were analyzed and in each section 3 randomly picked different fields were quantified. For statistical analysis we used the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test.

OA grading

The cartilage alterations were scored using the OARSI histopathology recommendations [29]. This semi-quantitative scoring system was applied to 10 images of the femoral condyles, separately scored by four researchers. The linear scale is applied to the medial and lateral quadrants of the joint. The OA severity is expressed as maximal scores that can be observed in the entire joint. Grade 0 is normal cartilage.

Results

FN-RGE enables normal bone and cartilage development

To obtain Fn1^RGE/- mice expressing FN-RGE in cartilage, we intercrossed Col2a-cre transgenics with Fn1^RGE/fl compound mice (S1 Fig). The mutant mice were indistinguishable from Col2a-cre;Fn1^wt/wt controls (termed Fn1^wt/wt) and displayed normal weight, body size and walking behaviour. After weaning (21 days), Fn1^wt/wt males weighed 9.3±1.3 g (n = 24) and Fn1^RGE/- males 8.7±1.7 g (n = 25). At the age of 4 months, the weight of Fn1^wt/wt increased to 30.7±2.3 g (n = 24) and of Fn1^RGE/- to 28.3±3.2 g (n = 25). To exclude defects in skeletal morphogenesis, we analysed the structure of the tibial growth plate in 3-month-old mice (S2 Fig). Chondrocyte number, the size of the growth plate and the columnar arrangement of cells were similar in Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice, which together with the normal body size suggests that growth of long bones proceeds normally in Fn1^RGE/- mice. Safranin-O staining of hind limb knee sections from 4.5–5 month-old Fn1^RGE/- male mice revealed normal cartilage surface and proteoglycan distribution in both, the femoral condyle and tibial plateau (Fig 1A and 1B). We measured the sizes of the non-calcified and calcified zones (separated by the tidemark, shown in Fig 1B) together with the spatial distribution of the ECM components in the femoral (Fig 1C) and tibial (Fig 1D) articular cartilages. The ratios of calcified/non-calcified areas in Fn1^wt/wt (1.95 ± 0.26) and in Fn1^RGE/- (1.91 ± 0.19) tibial condyles were similar. Immunostaining for aggrecan revealed a normal distribution around cells throughout the articular cartilage from Fn1^RGE/- and control mice. Type II collagen distribution was similar in control and Fn1^RGE/- mice. FN was expressed in the articular cartilage and in subchondral bone areas of control and Fn1^RGE/- mice.

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Fig 1. Morphology of articular cartilage in Fn1^RGE/- mice.

A) Representative Safranin-O stained sections from wild type (Fn1^wt/wt) and mutant (Fn1^RGE/-) knee joint cartilage from 5-month-old male mice. Femoral condyle (fc) and tibial plateau (tp) are shown. B) High magnification showing the femoral cartilage. The dotted line indicates the tidemark that separates the non-calcified (superficial) from the calcified zone. C, D) Hematoxylin and immunoperoxidase staining to detect aggrecan, collagen type II and FN in the femoral condyle (C) and tibial (D) articular cartilage. Scale bars, 50 μm.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.g001

To exclude a gene dosage effect we also analysed the articular cartilage of Col2a1-Cre;Fn1^wt/fl (Fn1^wt/-) mice. Importantly, we did not find tissue abnormalities in the tibial growth plate (S2 Fig) or altered expression of ECM components (S3 Fig).

Moderate mechanical load mildly affects articular cartilage of Fn1^RGE/- mice

To further explore the response to moderate mechanical impact on the articular cartilage of Fn1^RGE/- males, we forced control and mutant mice to exercise (FEx) for 10 days (for details see Methods). Afterwards we analysed the morphology of the femoral and tibial knee articular cartilages by Safranin-O staining (Fig 2A), quantified its intensity in the femoral cartilage (Fig 2B) and determined the expression levels of major ECM components by immunofluorescence staining (Fig 2C). Densitometric quantification of Safranin-O staining in the two cartilage regions separated by the tidemark (shown in Fig 1B) revealed that FEx led to a similar increase of proteoglycan deposition in Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice (compare Fig 1B and Fig 2A). Interestingly, the proteoglycan increase was more evident in the calcified than in non-calcified zones (Fig 2B). Furthermore, Fn1^wt/wt, Fn1^wt/- and Fn1^RGE/- mice displayed a normal distribution and similar numbers of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage (Fig 2A; S3 Fig). With respect to ECM components, FEx affected neither content nor distribution of collagen II in wild type and Fn1^RGE/- mice (Fig 2C and 2D) when compared to untrained animals (normal). Interestingly, aggrecan and FN levels significantly increased in the joint cartilage of Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice upon exercise (Fig 2C and 2D), however to a similar extent. FN and aggrecan levels increased in both the calcified and the non-calcified zones. The aggrecan deposition was slightly higher in the non-calcified than in the calcified zone (about 3-fold increase in the non-calcified versus 2-fold in calcified zones), whereas the increase of FN was higher in the calcified zone than in the non-calcified (about 1.5-fold in the non-calcified versus 3-fold in the calcified zone) and similarly in Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice. Interestingly, the level of type I collagen slightly increased in the articular cartilage from wild type mice and remained unchanged in Fn1^RGE/- mice (Fig 2C and 2D). Our results show that moderate mechanical loads induce a mild process of matrix remodelling in articular cartilage that proceeds independently of α5β1 integrin-mediated chondrocyte adhesion to FN.

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Fig 2. Influence of moderate mechanical load on the femoral knee joint cartilage.

A) Representative Safranin-O stained femoral knee joint sections from Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice exposed to FEx. Femoral condyle (fc) and tibial plateau (tp) are shown. Scale bars, 50 μm. B) Quantification of Safranin-O densitometry in non-calcified and calcified zones of femoral cartilage from Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice with either normal activity (normal) or FEx. C) Immunofluorescence staining for type II collagen, aggrecan, FN and type I collagen in femoral knee cartilage from Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice with normal activity or FEx. Scale bars, 50 μm. D) Quantification of mean pixel density per mm² in the articular cartilage. Aggrecan and FN were quantified in the non-calcified and calcified zones. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 6 Fn1^wt/wt and 8 Fn1^RGE/- mice with FEx and n = 6 Fn1^wt/wt and 6 Fn1^RGE/- mice without FEx). The continuous line compares calcified zones and the dotted line compares non-calcified zones. Statistical significances: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.g002

Partial meniscus resection combined with forced exercise accelerates OA in Fn1^RGE/- mice

To induce a high mechanical load, the medial meniscus in the right hind limb knee joint of wild type and Fn1^RGE/- littermates was partially resected and one day after surgery the mice were forced to perform daily exercise (for details see Methods). This model induces OA that starts in the femoral condyle and progresses similarly as in human OA [28]. The course of femoral cartilage destruction in the knee joint was visualised by Safranin-O staining 5, 10 and 15 days after induction (DAI) of menisectomy (Fig 3A; details in S4 Fig). We analysed 3 Fn1^wt/wt and 3 Fn1^RGE/- mice at 5 and 15 DAI, and 6 Fn1^wt/wt and 5 Fn1^RGE/- mice at 10 DAI. The signs of cartilage destruction were consistent between the mice of same genotype and OA stage. Importantly, none of the mice analysed showed signs of infection from surgery. Furthermore, we determined whether stress produced by the surgery affected tissue integrity by analysing the lateral femoral condyles of the operated knee (Fig 3B). In none of the mice analysed developed any sign of cartilage destruction. We also analysed 3 Fn1^wt/- mice at 10 DAI (S3C Fig) and found that the cartilage morphology was similar to that of Fn1^wt/wt mice of the same stage excluding that gene dosage affects the experimental outcome.

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Fig 3. OA progression in Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- cartilage exposed to high mechanical load.

A) Safranin-O staining of representative medial femoral knee cartilage sections from control and Fn1^RGE/- mice after exposure to high load at 5, 10 and 15 days after OA induction (DAI). B) Controls of the contralateral femoral condyles stained with Safranin-O. Scale bars, 50 μm.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.g003

We applied a semi-quantitative scoring to estimate the OA severity following the OARSI recommendations [29]. In Fn1^wt/wt mice the morphological changes in the condylar cartilage were very mild at 5 DAI (Fig 3A). The articular cartilage layers are shown in S4 Fig. The first defect was visible at the margin of femoral condyle with slight proteoglycan loss in the SZ as determined by Safranin-O staining (arrowhead Fig 3A; S4 Fig). The middle zone of the condyle was normal. At 10 DAI, the condyle margins of Fn1^wt/wt as well as heterozygous Fn1^wt/- mice became fibrillated and the proteoglycans loss extended below the SZ. At 15 DAI, additional morphological changes developed such as cell rounding in the SZ, cell clustering and proteoglycan loss in all zones of the articular cartilage of Fn1^wt/wt mice. In Fn1^RGE/- mice, the articular cartilage showed severe signs of OA already at 5 DAI. The defects included cell clustering and irregular proteoglycan loss in the surface as well as in middle and deep zones of the articular cartilage. At 10 DAI the fibrillation was very pronounced and the proteoglycan loss affected the entire articular cartilage, on which also vertical breaches formed (Fig 3A). At 15 DAI the vertical clefts became highly abundant and extended deeply into the three zones of the articular cartilage. The severity of OA in the femoral condyles was scored according to OARSI recommendations (Table 1) and was higher in the medial condyles from Fn1^RGE/- than in Fn1^wt/- or Fn1^wt/wt mice. In the lateral control condyles the OARSI scores were 0, with the only exception of Fn1^RGE/- at 15 DAI that showed a slight proteoglycan decrease in some parts of the SZ.

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Table 1. OARSI scoring of medial meniscus resected femoral condyles and lateral condyles from Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice exposed to high load.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.t001

Next, we performed immunostaining to determine the distribution and quantification of major ECM components of the articular cartilage including type II collagen (Fig 4A), aggrecan (Fig 4B), FN (Fig 4C) and type I collagen (Fig 4D). Collagen type II levels decreased rapidly in control and mutant articular cartilage after inducing OA, although more pronounced in Fn1^RGE/- than in Fn1^wt/wt mice (Fig 4A). Aggrecan and FN deposition were analysed in the non-calcified and calcified zones. Interestingly, at 5 DAI aggrecan levels increased by 2–fold in the Fn1^wt/wt articular cartilage and by 1.6-fold in Fn1^RGE/- mice and the increase was produced in the non-calcified zone. In the following days, aggrecan levels massively decreased, although significantly more pronounced in Fn1^RGE/- mice (Fig 4B). Significantly, the most dynamic changes in aggrecan levels were produced in the non-calcified zone, whereas in the calcified zone showed a progressive reduction in both, the Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- articular cartilage.

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Fig 4. Immunofluorescence and quantification of ECM components in the femoral knee cartilage after exposure to high load.

A) Immunofluorescence of collagen type II and quantification of pixel density per mm² in the articular cartilage zone. Staining of cartilage from untrained (normal) mice is shown in Fig 2C. Aggrecan (B), FN (C) and collagen type I (D) staining and pixel density in articular cartilage. The pixel densities of aggrecan and FN were determined in the non-calcified and calcified zones. Results represent mean ± SEM. Scale bars, 50 μm. Statistical significances: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.g004

It has been reported that the cartilage ECM becomes degraded after injury and that chondrocytes respond with the production of a provisional matrix, whose major component is FN [2,30]. While FN significantly increased in 5 DAI articular cartilage of both Fn1^RGE/- as well as Fn1^wt/wt mice (Fig 4C), the FN content significantly and similarly decreased in wild type and Fn1^RGE/- mice at 10 and 15 DAI. As with aggrecan, major changes of FN content were produced in the non-calcified zones. In agreement with previous reports [31], after injury the articular cartilage remodelling is initiated in the non-calcified, upper cartilage. The collagen I content was unaltered at 5 DAI and increased 2-fold at 10 and 15 DAI in condyles of Fn1^wt/wt mice. In contrast, collagen I levels only slightly rose in Fn1^RGE/- mice at 10 DAI indicating that FN-RGE expressing cartilage is less efficient in assembling a collagen type I–containing provisional ECM.

Increased expression of MMPs in stressed Fn1^RGE/- articular cartilage

Remodelling of the articular cartilage ECM after injury is accompanied by an increased expression and/or activity of MMPs, which degrade deteriorated ECM and thereby allow production of a new functional matrix [2]. We focused our analysis on MMP-3 and MMP-13 (Fig 5), whose expression plays a major role in cartilage matrix degradation during OA and was shown to be stimulated by integrin bound FN fragments [4,14,17]. The moderate mechanical load produced by forced exercise did not influence MMP-13 and MMP-3 levels in Fn1^wt/wt mice, whereas MMP-3 expression increased 3-fold in articular cartilage derived from Fn1^RGE/- mice (Fig 5A). Exposure to forced exercise together with partial meniscus resection increased MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels significantly at 10 DAI both in Fn1^RGE/- and Fn1^wt/wt mice, although the increase was more pronounced in Fn1^RGE/- cartilage. Specifically, MMP-3 increased 3-fold in Fn1^wt/wt and 7.8-fold in Fn1^RGE/-, and MMP-13 increased 4.5-fold in Fn1^wt/wt and 6.4-fold in Fn1^RGE/- cartilage. These data indicate that despite the inability of FN fragments generated from FN-RGE to bind to and signal via α5β1 integrins, the MMP-3 and MMP-13 increase after cartilage injury is higher in Fn1^RGE/- than in control articular cartilage.

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Fig 5. Immunofluorescence and quantification of MMP-3 and MMP-13 in femoral knee cartilage exposed to high load.

A) Immunofluorescence staining for MMP-3 levels and quantification of pixel density per mm² in the articular cartilage of mice 10 days after exposure to normal activity (normal), moderate load (FEx) and high load (10 DAI). B) MMP-13 levels. Values represent mean ± SEM. Scale bars, 50 μm. Statistical significances: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.g005

Discussion

Our study reveals that experimental OA induced by menisectomy followed by forced exercise accelerates cartilage degradation in mice that lack α5β1-mediated adhesion of chondrocytes to FN.

There are two integrin classes that bind FN via the RGD motif, which results in cell adhesion and signalling: α5β1 and αv-class integrins [32]. The binding to both integrin classes controls the assembly of the fibrillar FN network, which is, in turn, believed to serve as scaffold for collagen and proteoglycans organization. The role of FN and FN receptors for cartilage repair is not well understood. On one hand, FN has been suggested to play a structural or instructive role in the cartilage [13], which is changed and adapted by mechanical stress that in turn promotes further FN synthesis, induces chondrocyte proliferation [33,34] and prevents death of chondrocytes via α5β1 integrin signalling [12]. In line with these findings, inhibition of α5β1 integrin with RGD peptides or anti-α5β1 antibodies [17] or treatments with RGD-containing FN fragments [35,36], but not with the native FN molecule [37], were shown to accelerate cartilage degradation. On the other hand, however, it was also shown that absent α5 integrin signalling by inhibiting α5 integrin expression arrests cartilage destruction induced by FN fragments in explant experiments [16]. This view gained further support by a recent report by Candela et al. [38], which demonstrated that conditional deletion of the α5 integrin gene (Itga5) in synovial joints results in reduced matrix loss and reduced OA.

To directly test whether the expression of α5β1 integrins on chondrocytes unable to bind FN has in vivo consequence for cartilage ECM remodelling or function after exposure to mechanical loads, we expressed FN-RGE in articular cartilage of mice. FN-RGE was shown by us and others to bind αv-class integrins but not α5β1 integrins [24,25]. Furthermore, FN-RGE is assembled into a fibrillar FN matrix in tissues of mice, although the fibrils appeared slightly thicker and shorter [24,25]. The consequence of the inability of FN-RGE to bind α5β1 is embryonic lethality at about E9.5 characterized by vascular defects and a truncated body axis due to severe defects of somitogénesis, indicating that FN-RGE matrix signalling is not functional in certain mesoderm-derived tissues [24,25]. In our current study, we found that meniscus resection in Fn1^RGE/- mice followed by forced exercise accelerated the onset as well as course of OA. Their OA cartilage was characterized by increased loss of proteoglycans and collagen II, lack of collagen type I upregulation and increased expression of MMP-13 and MMP-3. The increased MMP-13 and -3 expression provides a reasonable explanation for the accelerated reduction of collagen type II and proteoglycans. The altered biochemical features impair the mechanical stability of the Fn1^RGE/- articular cartilage, similarly as observed upon application of compounds disrupting the FN-integrin interaction such as soluble FN fragments containing the RGD motif in the FNIII10 region or inhibitory antibodies [14–17]. It is conceivable that unligated α5β1 integrins on the surface of articular chondrocytes cannot establish a productive link to actomyosin-mediated forces, which results in the activation of caspases and induction of apoptosis as well as the induction of ECM metalloproteinases, as was described for unligated α5β1 integrins in tumour cells [39,40]. Interestingly, although the articular cartilage of Fn1^RGE/- mice exposed to forced exercise without menisectomy did not show signs of proteoglycan loss or cartilage destruction, our careful analysis revealed that some small changes were evident. For example, MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels were slightly but significantly increased in FN-RGE articular cartilage. Moreover, exercise induced upregulation of collagen type I in Fn1^wt/wt mice but not in Fn1^RGE/-. The upregulation of collagen I and FN is an important part of a matrix remodelling process occurring in the articular cartilage and results in the formation of a provisional matrix which is essential for tissue regeneration [41]. Although collagen I can spontaneously form fibrils in vitro, it has been demonstrated that an integrin-assembled matrix of FN is necessary in vivo to orientate and organize collagen I fibrils [42–44]. Possibly a structurally altered FN-RGE matrix will fail to properly assemble collagen I fibrils and thus will make them accessible to MMP-mediated degradation, which in turn contributes to impaired articular cartilage regeneration.

It is interesting, however, that the lack of FN-α5β1 adhesion by chondrocytes per se did not impair cartilage development and homeostasis of non-stressed mice. Cartilage morphology as well as content and distribution of the major ECM components was similar in the articular knee joint cartilage of Fn1^RGE/- and Fn1^wt/wt mice. Despite its faithful expression, FN-RGE interfered neither with cartilage development nor with a normal morphology of articular cartilage. A possible explanation is that collagen type II is nucleated and organized differently to collagen I fibrils. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that collagen II assembles a normal network in a FN-independent manner in vivo [44]. Furthermore, during cartilage development the expression of FN and collagen I precedes the expression of collagen II and aggrecan that will eventually form the definitive cartilage matrix [41]. The Fn1^RGE/- genotype is conditionally regulated by the collagen II promotor and thus we assume that in the initial matrix the FN was wild type.

Taken together, our results support that intense mechanical load triggers a spatiotemporal regulation of ECM synthesis and degradation in the articular cartilage, which is controlled by the interaction of FN with α5β1 integrins. If the FN fibrillar network is missing or assembled by fibrils that cannot bind and activate α5β1 integrins, articular cartilage chondrocytes increase MMPs expression, which in turn jeopardizes tissue regeneration leading to OA. Our results underscore the critical role of FN-α5β1 adhesion as a mechanical sensor of ECM not only during tumour invasion [40,45] but also during tissue regeneration.

Supporting information

S1 Fig. Wild type and mutant Fn1 genes.

A) The Fn1 wild type (Fn1^wt), mutant (Fn1^RGE), floxed (Fn1^fl) and null (Fn1^-) alleles and location (arrows) of primers used for PCR genotyping. B) Fn1 alleles in Col2a1-Cre;Fn1 ^RGE/fl mice, which express only the Fn1^RGE in cartilage, whereas Fn1^fl allele allows normal FN expression in all other tissues. C) PCR genotyping with primers located in intron 30. D) PCR genotyping for Cre-mediated recombination of the floxed allele in cartilage from Col2a1-Cre;Fn1^RGE/fl mice using the primers located in exon 1 and intron 1. The mice were genotyped with genomic DNA isolated from tail (T) and cartilage (C) tissues.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.s001

(TIF)

S2 Fig. Growth plate morphology in the tibia of 3-month-old mice.

Hematoxylin-Chromotrope-2R staining indicates the growth plate structure. The size and the typical columnar arrangement of the chondrocytes were similar in Fn1^wt/wt, Fn1^wt/- and Fn1^RGE/- mice. Scale bar, 100 μm in the low magnification and 50 μm in the detail of growth plate.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.s002

(TIF)

S3 Fig. Articular cartilage of the femoral condyle from Fn1^wt/- mice.

A) Morphology and ECM proteins expression in articular cartilage from Fn1^wt/- femoral condyles (n = 3). B) Safranin-O staining after forced exercise (FEx) during 10 days (n = 3). C) Safranin-O staining 10 days after exposure to high load (10 DAI) (n = 3). Scale bars, 50 μm.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.s003

(TIF)

S4 Fig. Articular cartilage of Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice.

Safranin-O staining of sections of the femoral knee cartilage from control and Fn1^RGE/- littermates after exposure to high load. High magnifications are depicted. Scale bar, 50 μm.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198559.s004

(TIF)

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support by the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER): Mat2012-38359 (MINECO) and Mat2015- 69315 (MINECO/FEDER). The mouse strains were provided by R. Fässler (Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany). MA-B was supported by CONACYT 168328. MB-J and OV were supported by contracts from the Conselleria Valenciana d’Educació i Ciència.

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Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Mice

OA induction and forced exercise (FEx)

Histological analyses and tissue stainings

OA grading

Results

FN-RGE enables normal bone and cartilage development

Moderate mechanical load mildly affects articular cartilage of Fn1RGE/- mice

Partial meniscus resection combined with forced exercise accelerates OA in Fn1RGE/- mice

Increased expression of MMPs in stressed Fn1RGE/- articular cartilage

Discussion

Supporting information

S1 Fig. Wild type and mutant Fn1 genes.

S2 Fig. Growth plate morphology in the tibia of 3-month-old mice.

S3 Fig. Articular cartilage of the femoral condyle from Fn1wt/- mice.

S4 Fig. Articular cartilage of Fn1wt/wt and Fn1RGE/- mice.

Acknowledgments

References

Moderate mechanical load mildly affects articular cartilage of Fn1^RGE/- mice

Partial meniscus resection combined with forced exercise accelerates OA in Fn1^RGE/- mice

Increased expression of MMPs in stressed Fn1^RGE/- articular cartilage

S3 Fig. Articular cartilage of the femoral condyle from Fn1^wt/- mice.

S4 Fig. Articular cartilage of Fn1^wt/wt and Fn1^RGE/- mice.