Figures
Abstract
The objective of present paper is to examine the peristaltic flow of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Jeffrey fluid saturating porous space in a channel through rotating frame. Unlike the previous attempts, the flow formulation is based upon modified Darcy's law porous medium effect in Jeffrey fluid situation. In addition the impacts due to Soret and Dufour effects in the radiative peristaltic flow are accounted. Rosseland’s approximation has been utilized for the thermal radiative heat flux. Lubrication approach is implemented for the simplification. Resulting problems are solved for the stream function, temperature and concentration. Graphical results are prepared and analyzed for different parameters of interest entering into the problems.
Citation: Hayat T, Rafiq M, Ahmad B (2016) Soret and Dufour Effects on MHD Peristaltic Flow of Jeffrey Fluid in a Rotating System with Porous Medium. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0145525. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145525
Editor: Bing-Yang Cao, Tsinghua University, CHINA
Received: October 6, 2015; Accepted: December 5, 2015; Published: January 25, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Hayat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The flow induced by travelling waves along the channel walls has accorded the attention here due to its significance in physiological and industrial applications. Many biological ducts for example the digestive system [1] and the ureter [2], convey their fluid contents by peristalsis. It is also employed for blood transport in capillaries, chyme motion in the gastrointestinal tract, intrauterine fluid motion, movement of ovum in the female fallopian tube etc. In the industry, this mechanism is adopted for controlled transport of fluids inside the tracts. To prevent the blockage and to keep apart the fluid contents from the tract boundaries, the peristalsis also used to provide additional pumping to the flows in heart-lung machines, artificial heart pumps etc. There is ample information on peristalsis now but some recent developments on the topic may be seen through the studies [3–12].
Heat transfer involved many complicated processes in tissues such as heat conduction in tissues, heat convection due to blood flow through pores of the tissues, metabolic heat generation and external interactions such as electromagnetic radiation emitted from electronic devices. The combined effect of heat and mass transfer is mostly useful in the chemical industry and in reservoir engineering in connection with thermal recovery process and may be found in salty springs in the sea. Heat and mass transfer effects are quite prevalent in hemodialysis, oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of the blood vessels to the neighboring tissues. Magnetohydrodynamic in peristalsis is very important physiologically such as the presence of hemoglobin molecule makes the blood a bio-magnetic fluid. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), magnetic devices and magnetic particles used as drug carriers have some applications of magnetic field in physiology. Further simultaneous occurrence of heat and mass transfer affecting each other lead to the Soret and Dufour effects. Some studies discussing the heat and mass transfer in peristalsis are mentioned in the refs. [13–24].
Most biological and industrial fluids are non-Newtonian in nature. Few examples of such fluids include semisolid food, called bolus, in esophagus, semiliquid food (chyme) in stomach and intestines, reproductive and glandular secretions, flows of metal alloys with oil and grease in automobiles. Due to diverse characteristics of fluids in nature it is not possible to have one constitutive relationship predicting the effects of all non-Newtonian fluids. Therefore many non-Newtonian fluid models have been developed to study the realistic flows like Maxwell's model [25] in blood flows, empirical models [26] for eye fluid dynamics and Oldroyd-B models for embryological transport [27] etc. The Jeffrey liquid amongst these materials is the simplest linear model which discusses the non-Newtonian fluid properties for which one can reasonably hope to obtain exact or analytical solutions.
Fluid flow through porous medium is topic of a great interest due to its applications in the fields of engineering, geo-fluid dynamics and biomechanics. In human physiological systems such flows can be observed in kidneys, lungs, movement of small blood vessels, cartilage and bones etc. Inside human body the tissues can be regarded as deformable porous media. Their working depends on the transport of blood and different nutrients through them. Therefore researchers have modelled the flow of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids through porous media in order to observe different diseases like tumor growth. Some recent investigations in this direction can be seen through the studies [28–30].
The phenomenon of rotation has its wide applications in cosmic and geophysical flows. Moreover occurrence of rotation also helps in better understanding the behavior of ocean circulation and galaxies formation. It is also applied to study the nanoparticle orientation in fluid systems through rotational diffusion [31–33]. Rotation also helps in the measurement of the energies of transitions between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase (rotational spectroscopy) [34]. In particular the peristalsis of MHD fluid in presence of rotation is relevant with regard to certain flow cases involving the movement of physiological fluids for example the blood and saline water. Obviously the magnetic field and rotation are useful for biofluid transport in the intestines, ureters and arterioles. Further energy flux induced by concentration gradient is known as thermal diffusion (Dufour) effect. Mass flux can be generated due to temperature gradient (Soret). Although the diffusion-thermo and thermal-diffusion are regarded small order of magnitude in comparison to the influences due to Fourier's or Fick's law but there are situations where such effects cannot be ignored. For example, the thermal diffusion effect is employed for isotope separation and in mixtures between gases with high molecular weight (H2, He) and of medium molecular weight (N2, air), the diffusion-thermo effect cannot be omitted. Having all such viewpoints in mind the purpose here is to discuss the peristaltic flows of MHD non-Newtonian fluid in a rotating frame. To our knowledge very few attempts are made for peristaltic flows when both fluid and channel are in a state of solid body rotation [35–39]. Here we analyze the effect of rotation on MHD peristalsis of Jeffrey fluid in a porous medium. Soret and Dufour effects are present. Thermal radiation in energy equation is considered. Unlike the traditional approach, the modified Darcy's law is used for the porous medium effect. The relevant equations are modeled and solved through lubrication approach. Results are discussed for related parameters and interpreted physically.
Modeling
We examine the peristaltic motion of an incompressible Jeffrey liquid in a compliant wall channel. An incompressible liquid saturates the porous space between the flexible walls of channel. Fluid is electrically conducting due to uniform applied magnetic field of strength B0 Induced magnetic field subject to low magnetic Reynolds number is neglected. Electric field contribution is not taken into account. Effects of Soret and Dufour and thermal radiation are retained. The whole system is in a rotating frame of reference with constant angular velocity Ω. Flow configuration is presented in Fig 1. The channel walls are taken at z = ±η Shapes of the travelling waves are described by the following expression:
(1)
where a depicts the wave amplitude, t the time, d the half width of channel, λ the wavelength and c the wave speed. The fundamental equations governing the present flow and heat/mass transfer are represented by
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
in which ρ shows the fluid density, p the pressure, I the identity tensor, S the extra stress tensor, A1 the first Rivlin Erickson tensor, τ the Cauchy stress tensor, Ω = Ωk the angular velocity, Cp the specific heat at constant volume, κ the thermal conductivity, T the temperature of fluid, D the coefficient of mass diffusivity, KT the thermal diffusion ratio, Cs the concentration susceptibility, C the concentration of fluid and Tm the mean temperature of fluid, η the dynamic viscosity, λ1 the ratio of relaxation to retardation times and λ2 the retardation time.
On the basis of Jeffrey fluid model the expression of Darcy's' resistance is:
(7)
where Φ(0<Φ<1) and K(>0) are respectively the (constant) porosity and permeability of the porous medium. Eqs (2), (3) and (6) yield
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
in which the modified pressure
Employing Rosseland’s' approximation for radiative heat flux one has [19–20]
where σ* and k* denote the Stefan-Boltzmann and Rosseland’s mean absorption coefficients respectively. We assume the temperature variations in such a way that Taylor's' series expansion of T4 about Tm (mean temperature) can be obtained. Neglecting higher order terms we get [40–41]
(12)
Through Eqs (4), (5) and (12) we arrive at
(13)
(14)
Equation of motion for the compliant walls can be expressed in the form
(15)
with
(16)
(17)
Non-dimensional variables can be put into the following forms:
Using above mentioned variables and defining stream function by
Eqs (9–11), (13) and (14) give
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
Where continuity Eq (8) is identically satisfied. The boundary conditions are now reduced as follows:
(23)
(24)
In above expressions Re (= cd/ν) is the Reynolds number, δ (= a/d) the wave number, T’ (= ReΩd/c) the Taylor number, M2 (= B0d2σ/μ) the Hartman number, K1 (= K/Φd2) the medium permeability parameter, Pr (= μCp/κ) the Prandtl number, R (= 16σ* T31/3kk*) the radiation parameter, Ec (= c2/Cp(T1-T0)) the Eckert number, Du (= DKT(C1-C0)/CsCpμ(T1-T0)) the Dufour number, Sr (= ρDKT(T1-T0)/μTm(C1-C0)) the Soret number, Sc (= ν/D) the Schmidt number, ε (= a/d) the amplitude ratio and E1 (= -τd3/λ3μc), E2 (= m1cd3/λ3μ), E3 (= d’d/λ2μ), E4 (= bd3/ λ5μc) and E1 (= k2 d3/λμc) the non-dimensional elasticity parameters. Invoking long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations we obtain
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
Eq (27) shows that pressure is not a function of z. Hence, the pressure can be eliminated from Eq (25). Further, pressure term in Eq (26) can be neglected since the secondary flow is resulted by the rotation [36]. In view of these facts we can write Eqs (25) and (26) in the forms
(32)
(33)
Exact solutions
Solving Eqs (32) and (33) we have the following relations of stream function and secondary velocity
(34)
(35)
Making use of Eqs (34) and (35) into Eqs (28) and (29) and solving the resulting expressions through lubrication approach we have
(36)
(37)
With
Heat transfer coefficient at the wall is given below
(38)
in which A4 → A15, B13→ B23, F1 →F10 can be calculated algebraically.
Discussion
The main objective here is to predict the impact of sundry parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. The theme of present study is to analyze the influence of rotation in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects. Here Figs 2 and 3 are prepared for the velocity and temperature whereas the Figs 4 and 5 show the variations of concentration and heat transfer rate respectively.
(a) Impact of wall properties on u when T' = λ1 = M = K1 = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Impact of T' on u when E1 = E2 = 3.0, E3 = 0.01, E4 = E5 = 0.1, λ1 = M = K1 = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Impact of λ1 on u when E1 = E2 = 3.0, E3 = 0.01, E4 = E5 = 0.1, T' = λ1 = M = K1 = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Impact of K1 on u when E1 = E2 = 3.0, E3 = 0.01, E4 = E5 = 0.1, T' = λ1 = M = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Impact of wall properties on v when T' = λ1 = M = K1 = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Impact of T' on v when E1 = E2 = 3.0, E3 = 0.01, E4 = E5 = 0.1, λ1 = M = K1 = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Impact of λ1 on v when E1 = E2 = 3.0, E3 = 0.01, E4 = E5 = 0.1, T' = λ1 = M = K1 = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Impact of K1 on v when E1 = E2 = 3.0, E3 = 0.01, E4 = E5 = 0.1, T' = λ1 = M = 0.5, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
Here Figs 2 and 3 are prepared to analyze the axial velocity. These Figures show that velocity traces a parabolic path with maximum value at the center of channel. Fig 2a shows that velocity enhances when elasticity parameters E1 and E2 are increased. There is decrease in velocity for larger E3, E4 and E5. Since E1 and E2 represent the elastic parameters therefore increasing elasticity offers less resistance to the flow and hence velocity increases. On the contrary the wall damping creates a resistive type force and so the velocity decreases when E3 increases. Similar behavior is noticed for E4 and E5 in the presence of damping. Fig 2b illustrates that increasing T' reduces the velocity of the fluid in axial direction. This Figure also provides a comparison for axial velocity for rotating and nonrotating channels. It is found that axial velocity is greater in non-rotating channel i.e. (T = 0'). Fig 3a shows an increase in velocity when λ1 is increased. Velocity enhances when the value of K1 is increased (see Fig 3b). Porosity parameter depends on the permeability parameter K. Increase K1 in leads to the higher permeability parameter. Ultimately the velocity thus increases through larger K1.
Figs 4 and 5 highlight the effects of wall properties, T', λ1 and K1 on the secondary velocity. The rotation of channel induces a velocity component in the y- direction which in turn produces a fluid flow in y- direction which is termed as secondary flow. We can observe the effect of wall properties on secondary flow ν through Fig 4a. Decrease in ν is observed by increasing E1 and E2 while it enhances through E3, E4 and E5. In the absence of rotation there is no secondary velocity but velocity in y- direction increases in presence of rotation (see Fig 4b). Fig 5a shows that the secondary velocity ν increases for larger λ1. Similar effect is shown by K1 which is observed in Fig 5b.
Impact of different parameters on temperature profile can be seen from Figs 6–8. It is a known fact that temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles which in turn depends on the velocity. Therefore an increase in temperature θ is noticed for increasing values of E1 and E2. On the contrary decrease in temperature is noticed for increasing values of E3, E4 and E5 (see Fig 6a). Fig 6b reveals that an increase in T' causes decrease in θ. It is noticed that temperature enhances when we increase Sr and Du(see Fig 7a and 7b). In fact for increasing Sr and Du the thermal diffusion is increased and consequently the temperature enhances. Physically the diffusion-thermo or Dufour effect defines a heat flux produced when a chemical system undergoes a concentration gradient. These effects depend upon thermal diffusion which is though very small, but sometimes become substantial when the partaking species differ by molecular weights. Mass diffusion follows by the uneven distribution of species creating a concentration gradient. A temperature gradient can also work as a driving force for mass diffusion called thermo-diffusion or Soret effect. Therefore the higher the temperature gradient, the larger the Soret effect. Fig 7c reveals that temperature increases when the value of λ1 is increased. In fact higher λ1 corresponds to larger relaxation time which provides more resistance to the fluid motion and thus the temperature profile enhances. As by increasing the value of porosity parameter K1 the permeability of the medium increases which accelerates the fluid and thus temperature enhances (Fig 7d). Fig 8a and 8b display that temperature is decreasing function of Sc and R. Influence of Eckert number Ec on θ is displayed in Fig 8c. It is depicted from this Fig. that temperature enhances by increasing Ec. The heat generation due to internal friction caused by the shear in the flow is the reason behind such increase. Similar behavior is observed for Prandtl number Pr (Fig 8d).
(a) Variation of wall properties on θ when Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, T' = Pr = 1.0, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Variation of T' on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Variation of Sr on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Variation of Du on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (c) Variation of λ1 on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = Du = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (d) Variation of K1 on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = Du = λ1 = M = 0.8, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Variation of Sc on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Variation of R on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (c) Variation of Ec on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (d) Variation of Pr on θ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
Figs 9–11 disclose the effect of various parameters on concentration ϕ. Fig 9a displays the role of wall properties on ϕ. Decrease in concentration is noticed for increasing values of E1 and E2 but it increases for larger E3, E4 and E5. Fig 9b examines the behavior of ϕ for Taylor number T'. It is revealed that ϕ is increasing function of Taylor number. Concentration distribution for various values of Sr and Du is displayed in Fig 10a and 10b. Here concentration decreases with the increase of these parameters. Fig 10c and 10d display against the various values of λ1 and K1. These Figures witness that ϕ decreases by increasing λ1 and K1. Fig 11a depicts that the concentration profile decreases when Sc increases. As Schmidt number is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (viscosity) to mass diffusivity. Therefore increasing Sc decreases the mass diffusion which in turn reduces the concentration. For larger R concentration increases (see Fig 11b). It can be observed through the graphical results that concentration field have opposite effect when compared with temperature.
(a) Influence of wall properties on ϕ when Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Influence of T' on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Influence of Sr on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Influence of Du on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (c) Influence of λ1 on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (d) Influence of K1 on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Influence of Sc on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Du = Sr = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Influence of R on ϕ when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Du = Sr = Sc = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, x = ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
Behavior of heat transfer coefficient Z for various parameters is shown in the Figs 12–15. The heat transfer coefficient is represented by Z(x) = ηxθz(η) which defines the rate of heat transfer or heat flux at the walls. As expected Z shows an oscillatory behavior which is because of the propagation of sinusoidal waves along the channel walls. Fig 12a and 12b explore the effect of wall properties and T' on ϕ. It can be noticed that there is an increase in rate of heat transfer for E1, E2 and T' whereas decrease in the heat transfer rate is observed for E3, E4 and E5. Effects of Sr, Du, λ1 and K1 on Z can be observed through Figs 13–14 respectively. By increasing these parameters the absolute value of Z increases. Effect of radiation parameter R can be seen in Fig 15a. Here increase in R enhances Z. It is clear from Fig 15b that rate of heat transfer is increasing function of Schmidt number Sc.
(a) Effect of wall properties on Z when Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, T' = Pr = 1.0, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Effect of T' on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Effect of Sr on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Du = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Effect of Du on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Effect of λ1 on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = Du = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Effect of K1 on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Sc = R = Du = λ1 = M = 0.8, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
(a) Effect of R on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = Sc = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1. (b) Effect of Sc on Z when E1 = 0.2, E2 = E3 = E4 = 0.01, E5 = 0.1, Sr = Du = R = λ1 = M = 0.8, K1 = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, T' = Pr = 1.0, ε = 0.2 and t = 0.1.
Conclusions
Soret and Dufour effects in peristaltic motion of Jeffrey liquid in a channel with thermal radiation and porous medium are discussed in a rotating frame. The key findings of present study can be listed below.
- Behaviors of wall parameters and Taylor number on axial and secondary velocities are opposite.
- Behaviors of Ei (i = 3–5) on temperature are quite opposite to that of E1 and E2.
- Temperature decreases for T’, M and R.
- Similar behavior is observed for Sr, Du and Sc on temperature profile.
- Concentration show opposite behavior when compared with temperature profile.
- Heat transfer coefficient increases for Sr, Du and K1 but it decrease for T’.
Acknowledgments
The contributing members of NAAM group are:
1-Prof. Dr. Tasawar Hayat
2-Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmad
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TH MR BA. Performed the experiments: TH MR BA. Analyzed the data: TH MR BA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TH MR BA. Wrote the paper: TH MR BA.
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