Figures
Abstract
Objective
Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) is associated with plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). This study explored the association between CHD and the APOA5 rs662799 polymorphism.
Methods
We collected 1,521 samples (783 CHD patients and 738 controls) for this case-control study. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Software and Stata Software.
Results
Significant differences were observed between CHD cases and controls at the level of both genotype (χ2 = 8.964, df = 2, P = 0.011) and allele (χ2 = 9.180, df = 1, P = 0.002, OR = 1.275, 95% CI = 1.089–1.492). A breakdown analysis by gender showed a significant association of APOA5 rs662799 with CHD in males (χ2 = 7.770, df = 1, P = 0.005; OR = 1.331, 95% CI = 1.088–1.628). An additional meta-analysis using 21378 cases and 28428 controls established that rs662799 is significantly associated with CHD (P < 0.00001).
Citation: Ye H, Zhou A, Hong Q, Tang L, Xu X, Xin Y, et al. (2015) Positive Association between APOA5 rs662799 Polymorphism and Coronary Heart Disease: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0135683. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135683
Editor: Shantanu Sengupta, CSIR-INSTITUTE OF GENOMICS AND INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY, INDIA
Received: August 15, 2014; Accepted: July 26, 2015; Published: August 26, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Ye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (31100919 and 81371469), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LR13H020003), and K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, Zhejiang Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2013ZZ003) and the Sciences Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2013F20005).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a type of cardiovascular disease that is caused by ischemia and hypoxia in the coronary artery [1] and is the leading cause of human deaths worldwide [2–4]. CHD is the most common cause of death among both men and women over the age of 50 [5]. Environmental factors associated with CHD include obesity, smoking, drinking, diabetes, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia [6]. In addition, genetic factors are important for CHD [7].
APOA5 is located in the apolipoprotein APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster [8] on chromosome 11q23 [8,9]. APOA5 is predominantly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood [10,11]. The APOA5 apolipoprotein plays a key role in the synthesis and removal of triglycerides (TG) [5]. Increased levels of apolipoprotein A5 are correlated with decreased TG levels in the serum [5].
Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for CHD [12–14], as are blood lipid levels [6]. Blood lipids mainly consist of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and TG [12]. In addition to LDL-C and HDL-C levels, APOA5 is associated with TG levels [13]. APOA5 plays an important role in determining TG levels in serum [14]. TG interacts with lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme important for the central regulation of circulating TG levels [15]. In mice, over expression of Apoa5 leads to decreased concentrations of TG in plasma, whereas a shortage of apoA5 causes hypertriglyceridemia, a risk factor for atherosclerosis and CHD [16]. These findings are consistent with observations in humans [17]. Taken together, these studies indicate that APOA5 is associated with CHD [18–20].
APOA5 rs662799 (-1131T>C) is a promoter polymorphism that was shown to be associated with increased levels of TG in young adult Indians [21]. In Italians, APOA5 is associated with TG leaves and acute myocardial infarction (MI) [13]. The significant association of rs662799 with TG and CHD was validated in a Japanese population [22]. According to the HapMap database, there are ethnic differences in APOA5 rs662799 (A>G). The minor allele frequency in European populations (HapMap-CEU) is 1.7%, much lower than the 13.3% observed in individuals of African descent (HapMap-YRI), 26.7% in Chinese (HapMap-CHB) and 28.9% in Japanese (HapMap-JPT). In our previous study, we could not detect a significant association between APOA5 rs662799 and CHD [23], possibly due to a lack of power. Here, we increased the sample size to determine whether APOA5 rs662799 plays a role in the risk of CHD in Han Chinese.
Materials and Methods
Sample collection
Samples from 1,521 unrelated individual inpatients were randomly collected from the Ningbo Lihuili Hospital and the Ningbo Yinzhou People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China. The samples included 783 cases of CHD (537 males and 246 females) and 738 controls (421 males and 317 females). All individuals were free from congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy and severe liver or kidney disease. Details of the classified criteria have been described in our previous studies [2,24–27]. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committees of Ningbo Lihuili Hospital and Ningbo Yinzhou People's Hospital, and informed written consent was obtained from all subjects. The clinical and demographic details of CHD samples are summarized in S1 Table.
SNP Genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes using a nucleic acid extraction automatic analyzer (Lab-Aid 820, Xiamen, China). PCR was performed on the ABI GeneAmp PCR System 9700 Dual 384-Well Sample Block Module (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). PCR conditions included an initial denaturation of 95°C for 2 min, followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 56°C for 30 s, 72°C for 1 min and then a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. After purification by SAP Reaction, we proceeded with primer extension. The primer extension protocol included an initial denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of amplification (including 94°C for 5 s, 52°C for 5 s, 80°C for 5 s), 5 cycles of amplification (5 s at 52°C, 5 s at 80°C), a final extension at 72°C for 3 min after which samples were held at 4°C. Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed using the Sequenom Mass-ARRAY iPLEX platform per the manufacturer's instructions [28]. The primer sequences were 5’- ACGTTGGATGAGCATTTGGGCTTGCTCTCC-3’ (first primer), 5’-ACGTTGGATGTCTGAGCCCCAGGAACTGGA-3’ (second primer) and 5’- caGAACTGGAGCGAAAGT-3’ (extended primer).
Publication retrieval and data extraction
The literatures were searched in the online databases including PubMed and Wanfang between Jan 2000 and Jul 2015. The keywords were “coronary heart disease”, “coronary artery disease” or “myocardial infarction” combined with “APOA5” and “rs662799” or “-1131T>C”. All of the case-control studies between APOA5 rs662799 and CHD were retrieved for the consideration of the current meta-analysis. All of the case-control studies between APOA5 (rs662799) and CHD were considered to be eligible for the current meta-analysis. We only included studies that presented data on allele or genotype frequencies for both cases and controls and displayed a genotype distribution meeting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) [29]. Information in the meta-analysis included the first author’s name, publication year, country, ethnic group, number of alleles or genotypes and the total number of cases and controls. The details on the inclusion criteria included as follow:1) only the case-control studies on the association between rs662799 and CHD were included; 2) the eligible studies must contain the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), or the genotype or allele information to calculate ORs and 95% Cis; 3) HWE should be met for the genotype distribution in the control group of the eligible studies if they have genotype information. We directly emailed the corresponding authors or called them (only for authors in China) for the missing information in their studies. There were 214 studies retrieved from the Wanfang and CNKI literature databases after searching for the keywords “coronary heart disease”, “coronary artery disease” or “myocardial infarction” combined with “APOA5” and “rs662799” or “-1131T>C”. After a series of selection procedures, we excluded 15 duplicate studies, 5 meta-analysis studies, 120 irrelevant studies, 28 studies on other diseases, and 7 studies without genotyping data (S1 File). In addition, we further downloaded the GWAS dataset from WTCCC research, then we imputed the information of rs662799 genotype by MaCH-Admix in WTCCC database, and added the data to the meta-analysis [30]. The remaining 40 case-control studies were qualified for our meta-analysis (Fig 1) [11,13,17,20,22,31–63].
Statistical analyses
The HWE test was performed using the Arlequin program (version 3.5), and P > 0.05 was considered to be in HWE [64]. Genotype and allele distribution was compared between cases and controls by CLUMP22 software using 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations [65]. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined using an online program, (http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/odds2x2.html) [23]. Meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager software set to the fixed-effect or random-effect method (version 5.0, Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom) [66]. Heterogeneity in the meta-analysis was assessed using the Q and I2 tests. An I2 > 50% indicated the existence of heterogeneity among the studies in the meta-analysis. Publication bias was shown by Begg’s funnel plot analysis, which was generated with Stata software (version 11.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). P values < 0.05 were significant.
Results
No departure from HWE was observed for the APOA5 rs662799 polymorphism in cases (P = 0.220) or controls (P = 0.544). Genotypic and allelic comparisons between cases and controls are shown in Table 1. Our data show that rs622799 is associated with the risk of CHD (genotype: χ2 = 8.964, df = 2, P = 0.011; allele: P = 0.002; OR = 1.275, 95% CI = 1.089–1.492). A further gender-stratified association shows that rs662799 is significantly associated with CHD in males (Table 1, genotype: χ2 = 7.486, df = 2, P = 0.024; allele: χ2 = 7.770, df = 1, P = 0.005) but not in females. In addition, frequency of the rs662799-G allele is significantly higher in male cases (31.5%) than in male controls (25.7%, P = 0.005; OR = 1.331, 95% CI = 1.088–1.628; Table 1). A further breakdown analysis by age shows that the frequency of rs662799-G is significantly higher in CHD cases with ages ranging from 55 to 65 years (31.5% versus 25.0%, χ2 = 5.700, df = 1, P = 0.017, OR = 1.383, 95% CI = 1.059–1.805; Table 2).
Meta-analysis
Searching the existing literature databases, we found 40 case-control studies, 30 more cases than were used in the most recently published meta-analysis in 2013 [23]. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis to investigate the link between rs662799 and CHD. Information from these 40 eligible studies and our case-control study are shown in Table 3. Among the 40 eligible studies in the current meta-analysis, 7 studies only had allelic information. Therefore, allele-based model was applied in the meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis with moderate heterogeneity (I2 < 50%), we selected a fixed-effect model for the meta-analysis, otherwise, the random-effect model was used for the meta-analysis with great heterogeneity (I2 > = 50%). The current meta-analysis has great heterogeneity (I2 = 70%), therefore random-effect model was used. As shown in Fig 2, subgroup meta-analysis by major ethnic groups also indicates a significant association between APOA5 rs662799 and CHD in Asians (P = 0.01, I2 = 66%), Chinese (P < 0.000001, I2 = 67%) and Caucasians (P = 0.008, I2 = 60%). The meta-analyses show no publication bias by Begg’s funnel plot analysis (Fig 3). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis suggests that the conclusion is not biased by any individual study (Fig 4).
*Events, the number of G alleles; total, total number of A and G alleles; our study: the CHD cases and controls in our study.
*Horizontal axis represents the standard error of log rr. Vertical axis represents the log rr. The s.e. denotes standard error.
Discussion
Our results show that the rs662799 polymorphism in the APOA5 gene is significantly associated with CHD in Han Chinese (P = 0.011). The minor G allele of APOA5 rs662799 may increase the risk of CHD by 27.5% (P = 0.002, OR = 1.275, 95% CI = 1.089–1.492). Consistent with previous reports, the rs662799-G allele is associated with higher leaves of TG in both CHD patients and controls [13,67]. A power calculation for APOA5 rs662799 indicates that our study has 85.9% power to detect significance in the association test.
Environmental factors, such as gender and age, are important factors of CHD. The prevalence of CHD in females was different from males [2,68,69]. Evidence has shown that patients older than 65 years have a higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [70,71]. In the current meta-analysis, we were unable to perform the subgroup meta-analysis by the age or gender due to a paucity of related information in the involved studies.
Gender and age are independence risk of CHD [4,72–74]. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the risk of morbidity and mortality are higher in male CHD patients than in females [75]. Our data show a strong association between APOA5 rs662799 and CHD in the male group, providing a novel molecular explanation for the gender disparity observed in CHD. In addition, we showed a statistically significant difference between rs662799 and CHD in the subgroup aged from 55–65, although the underlying mechanism will require additional studies.
The frequency of the APOA5 rs662799 polymorphism varies greatly among different populations. The rs662799-G allele frequency is 26.7% in Chinese populations, similar to that in Japanese populations (29.1%). However, the Chinese frequency is much higher than that in European populations (1.7%). Nevertheless, accumulating evidence indicates a strong association between APOA5 rs662799 and CHD among different populations. In addition to APOA5 rs662799, there are associations between other APOA5/A4/C3/A1 polymorphisms and CHD, which include APOA5 rs3135506 and APOA/A4/C3/A1 cluster haplotypes [76]. Further functional analysis is needed to discriminate the relationship among these polymorphisms.
There were other seven APOA5 polymorphisms involved in the genetic studies (S2 Table). However, rs3135506 (n = 7) [43,45,49,53,56,76,77] and -12238T/C (n = 1)[78] were tested for the association of CHD. Thus, we only included rs662799 in the current meta-analysis. Among the published GWAS related to the current meta-analysis, we didn’t find any direct information that could be applied in the current meta-analysis [12,67,79]. We further and added the WTCCC data to the meta-analysis. Please see the following figure for the updates (Fig 2). The current meta-analysis includes 40 studies comprised of 21378 cases and 28428 controls from 10 ethnic populations. Our meta-analysis contains at least 26 case studies and 3 ethnic populations more than were included in the last five meta-analyses published [23, 80–83]. All of the meta-analyses indicate that the APOA5 rs662799 polymorphisms associated with CHD in the Chinese population, although many of the studies did not include a subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity.
Despite the merits of our meta-analysis, there are limitations that must be considered. Our meta-analysis only includes studies from Asian and Caucasian populations. Therefore, it might not be an accurate representation of other ethnicities, such as African populations. Publication and language bias might exist in the case control studies [84]. The current meta-analysis was involved with 10 Caucasian and 30 Asian studies. Among the Asian studies, there were 24 Chinese studies (7 in English and 17 in Chinese). A further check for the minor allele frequency report in the HapMap International Project, we found the MAF in Europeans was 1.7% which was much less than 26.7% in Chinese and 29.1% in Japanese. However, subgroup meta-analyses by ethnicity found significant association of APOA5 rs662799 and CHD in both Europeans and Asians. There may also be a selection bias in our meta-analysis, which only included studies published in English or Chinese. Finally, standards for diagnosis may vary due to differences in the inclusion of CHD cases and non-CHD controls.
In summary, our case-control and meta-analysis demonstrates that the frequency of the APOA5 rs662799-G allele is significantly increased in CHD cases compared with controls. Furthermore, APOA5 rs662799 interacts with both gender and age in the association with CHD.
Supporting Information
S1 File. Supplemental document 1: The excluded 7 studies without genotyping data.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135683.s002
(DOCX)
S1 Table. The clinical and demographic details of CHD and non-CHD samples*.
* p values were determined by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135683.s003
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Other seven APOA5 polymorphisms involved in the genetic studies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135683.s004
(DOC)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from: National Natural Science Foundation of China (31100919 and 81371469), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LR13H020003), the K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, Zhejiang Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2013ZZ003) and the Sciences Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2013F20005).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SD DW. Performed the experiments: HY AZ QH. Analyzed the data: HY AZ LT DJ XX. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YX DD YL. Wrote the paper: HY AZ.
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